Abstrakt
The past decade has seen a rise in the significance of the Internet facilitating the communication between local governments and local stakeholders. A growing role in this dialog has been played by crowdsourcing. The paper aims to identify areas, forms, and tools for the implementation of crowdsourcing in managing cities in Poland as well as the assessment of benefits provided by the use of crowdsourcing initiatives by representatives of municipal governments. The article utilized a quantitative study method of the survey realized on a sample of 176 city governments from Poland. Conducted studies have shown that crowdsourcing initiatives of cities concern such areas as culture, city image, spatial management, environmental protection, security, recreation and tourism as well as relations between entrepreneurs and city hall, transport and innovations. Forms of stakeholder engagement via crowdsourcing involve civic budgets, "voting/polls/surveys and interviews" as well as "debate/discussion/meeting, workshop, postulates and comments". The larger the city the more often its representatives employ the forms of crowdsourcing listed above. Local governments most frequently carry out crowdsourcing initiatives by utilizing cities' official web pages, social media, and special platforms dedicated to public consultations. The larger the city the greater the value placed on the utility of crowdsourcing.
Bibliografia
Alhalabi, W., Lytras, M., & Aljohani, N. (2021). Crowdsourcing Research for Social Insights into Smart Cities Applications and Services. Sustainability, 13, 7531. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13147531
Ali-Hassan, H., & Allam, H. (2016). Comparing crowdsourcing initiatives: Toward a typology development. Canadian Journal of Administrative Sciences/Revue Canadienne des Sciences de L’Administration, 33(4), 318-331. https://doi.org/10.1002/cjas.1395
Bakici, T., Almirall, E., & Wareham, J. (2011). Motives for Participation in On-Line Open Innovation Platforms, Danish Research Unit for Industrial Dynamics. https://wp.druid.dk/wp/20110014.pdf
Bassi, H., Lee, C. J., Misener, L., & Johnson, A. M. (2020). Exploring the characteristics of crowdsourcing: An online observational study. Journal of Information Science, 46(3), 291-312. https://doi.org/10.1177/0165551519828626
Brabham, D. C. (2008). Crowdsourcing as a Model for Problem Solving: An Introduction and Cases. Convergence, 14(1), 75-90. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354856507084420
Brabham, D. C. (2009). Crowdsourcing the Public Participation Process for Planning Projects. Planning Theory, 8(3), 242-262. https://doi.org/10.1177/1473095209104824
Brabham, D. C. (2010). Moving the crowd at Threadless: Motivations for participation in a crowdsourcing application. Information, Communication & Society, 13(8), 1122-1145. https://doi.org/10.1080/13691181003624090
Brabham, D. C. (2013). Crowdsourcing. Boston: The MIT Press.
Brzozowska, B. (2013). Crowdfunding and Crowdsourcing: New Challenges for the Visual Documentation of City Cultures. Przegląd Kulturoznawczy, 4(18), 301-310, https://doi.org/10.4467/20843860PK.13.030.2082
Buettner, R. (2015). A systematic literature review of crowdsourcing research from a human resource management perspective. Proceedings of the 48th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, USA, 7070369, 4609-4618. https://doi.org/10.1109/HICSS.2015.549
Certomà, Ch., Corsini, F., & Rizzi, F. (2015). Crowdsourcing urban sustainability. Data, people and technologies in participatory governance. Futures, 74, 93-106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.futures.2014.11.006
Chirenje, L. I., Giliba, R. A., & Musamba, E. B. (2013). Local communities’ participation in decision-making processes through planning and budgeting in African countries. Chinese Journal of Population Resources and Environment, 11(1), 10-16. https://doi.org/10.1080/10042857.2013.777198
Chiu, C. M., Liang, T. P., & Turban, E. (2014). What can crowdsourcing do for decision support? Decision Support Systems, 65 (C), 40-49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dss.2014.05.010
Cricelli, L., Grimaldi, M., & Vermicelli, S. (2021). Crowdsourcing and open innovation: a systematic literature review, an integrated framework and a research agenda. Review of Managerial Science, 1269-1310. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11846-021-00482-9
Encyklopedia zarządzania. (2022, August 17). https://mfiles.pl/pl/index.php/Crowdsourcing
Estellés-Arolas, E., & González-Ladrón-de-Guevara, F. (2012). Towards an integrated crowdsourcing definition. Journal of Information Science, 38(2), 189-200. https://doi.org/10.1177/0165551512437638
Glińska, E., & Ilczuk, K. (2020). Crowdsourcing as a participatory tool in city brand management – analysis of good practices. In K. Błoński, & A. Smalec (Eds.), Działania marketingowe organizacji (pp. 91-102). Warszawa: PWE.
Hajduk, S. (2020). Crowdsourcing obywatelski w zarządzaniu przestrzennym – przegląd działań samorządów. Zeszyty Naukowe Politechniki Poznańskiej. Organizacja i Zarządzanie, 81, 61-72. https://doi.org/10.21008/j.0239-9415.2020.081.05
Haltofova, B. (2018). Using crowdsourcing to support civic engagement in strategic urban development planning: a case study of Ostrava, Czech Republic. Journal of Competitiveness, Vol. 10 No. 2, 85-103.
Hossain, M., & Kauranen, I. (2015). Crowdsourcing: a comprehensive literature review. Strategic Outsourcing. An International Journal, 8(1), 2-22. https://doi.org/10.1108/SO-12-2014-0029
Howe, J. (2006). The Rise of Crowdsourcing. Wired Magazine, 14(6), 176-183.
Howe, J. (2008). Crowdsourcing: Why the Power of the Crowd Is Driving the Future of Business. New York: Crown Publishing Group.
Khan, A., & Krishnan S. (2017). Social Media Enabled E-Participation: Review and Agenda for Future Research. E-Service Journal, 10(2), 45-75. https://doi.org/10.2979/eservicej.10.2.03
Kiryluk, H., Glińska, E., Ryciuk, U., Vierikko, K., & Rollnik-Sadowska, E. (2021). Stakeholders’ engagement for solving mobility problems in touristic remote areas from the Baltic Sea Region. PLoS ONE, 16(6), 1-28. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0253166
Kleeman, F., Voß, G. G., & Rieder, K. M. (2008). Un(der)Paid Innovators: The Commercial Utilization of Consumer Work through Crowdsourcing. Science, Technology & Innovation Studies, 4 (1), 5-26. https://doi.org/10.17877/DE290R-12790
Koniagina, M., Kokh, L., Kirillova, A., Yanina, O., & Loktionova, Y. (2021). Crowdsourcing and crowdfunding in the management of large cities. Theoretical and Empirical Researches in Urban Management, 16(3), 5-22. https://www.jstor.org/stable/27035543#metadata_info_tab_contents
Kovacs, A., Van Looy, B., & Cassiman, B. (2015). Exploring the scope of open innovation: A bibliometric review of a decade of research, Scientometrics, 104(3), 951-983. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-015-1628-0
Krajowa Polityka Miejska 2023. (2015). Ministerstwo Infrastruktury i Rozwoju, Warszawa, Poland. https://obserwatorium.miasta.pl/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/Krajowa_Polityka_Miejska.pdf
Lenart-Gansiniec, R. (2017a). Crowdsourcing w sektorze publicznym – wyzwanie badawcze. Humanites and Social Science, 1(XXII), 143-166.
Lenart-Gansiniec, R. (2017b). Możliwości i ograniczenia wykorzystywania crowdsourcingu przez jednostki samorządu terytorialnego. Handel Wewnętrzny, 3(368), 223-233.
Lenart-Gansiniec, R. (2021). The effect of crowdsourcing on organizational learning: Evidence from local governments. Government Information Quarterly, 38(3), 101593. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2021.101593
Liao, P., Wan, Y., Tang, P., Wu, Ch., Hu, Y., & Zhang, S. (2019). Applying crowdsourcing techniques in urban planning: A bibliometric analysis of research and practice prospects. Cities, Vol. 94, 33-43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2019.05.024
Linders, D. (2012). From e-government to we-government: Defining a typology for citizen e-participation in the age of social media. Government Information Quarterly, 29, 446-454
Marcinkowska, E. (2018). Czynniki kształtujące przebieg procesu crowdsourcingu. Studia Ekonomiczne, 359, 310-320. https://cejsh.icm.edu.pl/cejsh/element/bwmeta1.element.cejsh-e710813b-d1c1-4658-a8aa-d0e1ad3deee4/c/21.pdf
Marzano, G., Lizut, J., & Ocha Siguencia, L. (2019). Crowdsourcing solutions for supporting urban mobility. Procedia Computer Science, 149, 542-547. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2019.01.174
Moustaka, V., Maitis, A., Vakali, A., & Anthopoulos, L. G. (2021). Urban Data Dynamics: A Systematic Benchmarking Framework to Integrate Crowdsourcing and Smart Cities’ Standardization. Sustainability, 13, 8553. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13158553
Mueller, J., Lu, H., Chirkin, A.M., Klein, B., & Schmitt, G. (2018). Citizen Design Science: A strategy for crowd-creative urban design. Cities, 72, 181-188. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2017.08.018
Niewiarowski, J., Mroziński, B., & Morawiak A. (2013). Dwuczynnikowa analiza wariancji z powtarzanym pomiarem. In S. Bedyńska, & M. Cypryańska (Eds.). Statystyczny drogowskaz 2. Praktyczne wprowadzenie do analizy wariancji (pp. 135-179). Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Akademickie Sedno.
Panagiotopoulou, M., Somarakis, G., & Stratigea, A. (2018). Smartening up Participatory Cultural Tourism Planning in Historical City Centers. Journal of Urban Technology, 27, pp. 3-26. https://doi.org/10.1080/10630732.2018.1528540
Papadopoulou, Ch. A., & Giaoutzi, M. (2019). Crowdsourcing and Living Labs in Support of Smart Cities’ Development. In Smart Cities and Smart Spaces: Concepts, Methodologies, Tools, and Applications (pp. 652-670). IGI, Global. https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-7030-1.ch029
Pedersen, J., Kocsis, D., Tripathi, A., Tarrell, A., Weerakoon, A., Tahmasbi, N., Xiong, J., Deng, W., Oh, O., & De Vreede, G. J. (2013). Conceptual foundations of crowdsourcing: A review of IS research. Proceedings of the 46th Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, HICSS, USA, 579-588. https://doi.org/10.1109/HICSS.2013.143
Przysucha, Ł. (2020). Implementation of crowdsourcing as an integral element of communication engineering in the smart city concept, RISTI – Revista Iberica de Sistemas e Tecnologias de Informacao, (E30), 97-108. https://www.proquest.com/openview/45b73eb0ba8976997c69c90552e496f4/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=1006393
Puzdrakiewicz, K. (2015). Social media i crowdsourcing nowymi kanałami partycypacji. Metropolitan, 4(2), 62-65. http://metropolitan.im.edu.pl/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/metropolitan_62-66.pdf
Raport o stanie polskich miast. Partycypacja publiczna. (2019). P. Pistelok & B. Martela (Eds.). Instytut Rozwoju Miast i Regionów, Warszawa–Kraków, Poland
Roudbari, S. (2018). Crowdsourced and crowd-pleasing: the new architectural awards and the city. Journal of Urban Design, 23(2), 206–222. https://doi.org/10.1080/13574809.2017.1340799
Rycielski, P., & Brzezicka, A. (2013). Wnioskowanie statystyczne na danych jakościowych. Testy wykorzystujące rozkład chi-kwadrat. In S. Bedyńska, & M. Cypryańska (Eds.). Statystyczny drogowskaz 1. Praktyczne wprowadzenie do wnioskowania statystycznego (pp. 135-157). Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Akademickie Sedno.
Schildhauer, T., & Voss, H. (2013). Open Innovation and Crowdsourcing in the Sciences, Opening Science, 255-269. https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-00026-8_17
Schuurman, D., Baccarne, B., Marez, L. D., & Mechant, P. (2012). Smart Ideas for Smart Cities: Investigating Crowdsourcing for Generating and Selecting Ideas for ICT Innovation in a City Context. Journal of Theoretical and Applied Electronic Commerce Research, 7, 49–62. https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-18762012000300006
Smith D., Manesh, M. M. G., & Alshaikh, A. (2013). How can entrepreneurs motivate crowdsourcing participants? Technology Innovation Management Review, 3(2), 23-30.
Staletić, N., Labus, A., Bogdanović, Z., Despotović-Zrakić, M., & Radenkovic, B. (2020). Citizens’ readiness to crowdsource smart city services: A developing country perspective. Cities, 107, 102883. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2020.102883
Trompette, P., Chanal, V., & Pelissier, C. (2008). Crowdsourcing as a way to access external knowledge for innovation: Control, incentive and coordination in hybrid forms of innovation. Proceedings of the 24th EGOS Colloquium, The Netherlands. https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00367373/document
Wazny, K. (2017). Crowdsourcing’s ten years in a review. Journal of Global Health, 7(2), 020601, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.7189/jogh.07.020601
Ye, W., Xu, P., Jia, Y., Jiang, F. (2012). Crowdsourcing for open innovations, Applied Mathematics and Information Sciences, 6, 741-747. https://www.naturalspublishing.com/files/published/tm770g777v8hyp.pdf
Zhang, Y., Liu, Y., Rochdane, H., & El Kouriichi, I. (2019). Research on theory model of crowdsourcing-feedback collaboration platform: Based on smart city management. Proceedings of the 7th International Symposium on Project Management, ISPM, China, 261-268. http://toc.proceedings.com/50246webtoc.pdf
Zhao, Y., & Zhu, Q. (2014). Evaluation on crowdsourcing research: Current status and future direction, Information Systems Frontiers, 16, 417-434. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10796-012-9350-4
Zheng, H., Li, D., & Hou, W. (2011). Task Design, Motivation, and Participation in Crowdsourcing Contests. International Journal of Electronic Commerce, 15(4), 57-88. https://doi.org/10.2753/JEC1086-441515042
Utwór dostępny jest na licencji Creative Commons Uznanie autorstwa – Na tych samych warunkach 4.0 Miedzynarodowe.
Prawa autorskie (c) 2022 Czasopismo Ekonomia i Środowisko