The image of voivodeship cities among residents: exploring age-related perspectives
PDF

Keywords

territorial marketing
city image
inhabitants

How to Cite

Tomaszewska, E., & Glińska, E. (2024). The image of voivodeship cities among residents: exploring age-related perspectives. Economics and Environment, 88(1), 743. https://doi.org/10.34659/eis.2024.88.1.743

Abstract

Purpose: Image is one of the key issues in city marketing and branding. City image studies are essential tools for urban planners, social researchers as well as political decision-makers and local authorities aiming to understand how people perceive the urban space in which they live. The objective of this article is to identify the image of voivodeship cities among their residents based on the respondents’ age categories.

Methodology/approach: The article relies on the results of a quantitative study conducted with a sample of 728 respondents residing in selected voivodeship cities in Poland. The research tool employed in the study was a standardised survey questionnaire.

Findings: The findings reveal a statistically significant difference in the assessment of the overall city image by residents across various age categories.

Practical implications: This article may serve as an inspiration for city managers who, in shaping a positive image of urban centres, can communicate information about selected city attributes tailored to the chosen age category of inhabitants.

Originality/value: The research results unequivocally confirm that older city dwellers appear to be more inclined to feel an emotional connection to their place of residence and express positive opinions about it.

https://doi.org/10.34659/eis.2024.88.1.743
PDF

References

Adamus-Matuszyńska, A., Michnik, J., & Polok, G. (2019). A Systemic Approach to City Image Building. The Case of Katowice City. Sustainability, 11(16), 4470. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11164470

Afshardoost, M., & Eshaghi, M. S. (2020). Destination image and tourist behavioural intentions: A meta-analysis. Tourism Management, 81, 104154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2020.104154

Ashworth, G., & Kavaratzis, M. (2009). Beyond the logo: Brand management for cities. Journal of Brand Management, 16(8), 520-531. https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.bm.2550133

Bai, K., & Zhao, A. Z. (2011). Studies on convergence and divergence of city image and destination image. Progress in Geography, 30(10), 1312-1320. https://doi.org/10.11820/dlkxjz.2011.10.014

Baloglu, S., & McCleary, K. W. (1999). A Model of Destination Image Formation. Annals of Tourism Research, 26(4), 868-897. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0160-7383(99)00030-4

Baratta, R., Cassia, F., Vigolo, V., & Ugolini, M. (2017). City image. Comparing residents’ and tourists’ perceived image of Verona. Proceedings of the 20th Excellence in Services University of Verona, Verona, Italy, 47-61. https://sites.les.univr.it/eisic/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/20-EISIC-Baratta-Cassia-Vigolo-Ugolini.pdf

Beck, D. F., & Ferasso, M. (2022). Image of cities as tool for urban governance in Mercosur: contributions from urban and city branding. Brazilian Journal of Marketing, 21(1), 9-28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5585/remark.v21i1.19354

Beck, D., & Storopoli, J. (2021). Cities through the lens of Stakeholder Theory: A literature review. Cities, 118, 103377. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2021.103377

Beerli, A., & Martin, J. D. (2004). Factors influencing destination image. Annals of Tourism Research, 31(3), 657-681. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2004.01.010

Beerli, A., & Martin, J. D. (2004a). Tourists’ characteristics and the perceived image of tourists destinations: a quantitative analysis – a case study of Lanzarote, Spain. Tourism Management, 25(5), 623-636. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2003.06.004

Bonakdar, A., & Audirac, I. (2020). City branding and the link to urban planning: Theories, practices, and challenges. Journal of Planning Literature, 35(2), 147-160. https://doi.org/10.1177/0885412219878879

Boo, S., Busser, J., & Baloglu, S. (2009). A model of customer-based brand equity and its application to multiple destinations. Tourism Management, 30(2), 219-231. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2008.06.003

Braun, E. (2008). City Marketing: Towards an Integrated Approach. Rotterdam: Erasmus Research Institute of Management.

Braun, E. (2012). Putting city branding into practice. Journal of Brand Management, 19(4), 257-267. https://doi.org/10.1057/bm.2011.55

Braun, E., Kavaratzis, M., & Zenker, S. (2013). My city–my brand: The different roles of residents in place branding. Journal of Place Management, 6(1), 18-28. https://doi.org/10.1108/17538331311306087

Byon, K., & Zhang, J. (2009). Development of a scale measuring destination image. Marketing Intelligence and Planning, 28(4), 508-532. https://doi.org/10.1108/02634501011053595

Caldwell, N., & Freire, J. R. (2004). The differences between branding a country, a region and a city: Applying the Brand Box Model. Journal of Brand Management, 12, 50-61. https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.bm.2540201

Casais, B., & Monteiro, P. (2019). Residents' involvement in city brand co-creation and their perceptions of city brand identity: a case study in Porto. Place Branding and Public Diplomacy, 15(4), 229-237. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41254-019-00132-8

Cassia, F., Vigolo, V., Ugolini, M., & Baratta, R. (2018). Exploring City Image: Residents’ versus Tourists’ Perceptions. TQM Journal, 30(5), 476-489. https://doi.org/10.1108/TQM-11-2017-0161

Chan, A., Suryadipura, D., Kostini, N., & Miftahuddin, A. (2021). An integrative model of cognitive image and city brand equity. GeoJournal of Tourism and Geosites, 35(2), 364-371. https://doi.org/10.30892/gtg.35214-660

Dudek-Mańkowska, S. (2011). Koncepcja wizerunku miasta. In A. Grzegorczyk & A. Kochaniec (Eds.), Kreowanie wizerunku miast (pp. 42-67). Warszawa: Wyższa Szkoła Promocji. (in Polish).

Echtner, C. M., & Ritchie, J. R. B. (1993). The measurement of destination image: An empirical assessment. Journal of Travel Research, 31(4), 3-13. https://doi.org/10.1177/004728759303100402

Florek, M. (2014). Kapitał marki miasta zorientowany na konsumenta. Źródła i pomiar. Poznań: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego w Poznaniu. (in Polish).

Gaggiotti, H., Cheng, P. L., & Yunak, O. (2008). City brand management (CBM): The case of Kazakhstan. Place Branding and Public Diplomacy, 4(2), 115-123. https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.pb.6000081

Gallarza, M. G., Saura, I. G., & Garcia, H. C. (2002). Destination Image. Towards a Conceptual Framework. Annals of Tourism Research, 29(1), 56-78. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0160-7383(01)00031-7

Gartner, W. C. (1994). Image Formation Process. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 2(2-3), 191-216. https://doi.org/10.1300/J073v02n02_12

Gartner, W. C. (2014). Brand equity in a tourism destination. Place Branding and Public Diplomacy, 10(2), 108-116. https://doi.org/10.1057/pb.2014.6

Gilboa, S., Jaffe, E. D., Vianelli, D., Pastore, A., & Herstein, R. (2015). A summated rating scale for measuring city image. Cities, 44, 50-59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2015.01.002

Glińska, E. (2008). Zarządzanie procesem kształtowania wizerunku miasta wśród jego mieszkańców na przykładzie Zambrowa. Toruń: Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek. (in Polish).

Glińska, E. (2016). Budowanie marki miasta. Koncepcje, warunki, modele. Warszawa: Wolters Kluwer. (in Polish).

Griszel, W. (2015). Marka jako instrument marketingu terytorialnego. In A. Szromnik (Ed.), Marketing terytorialny nowe obszary zarządzania (pp. 32-54). Kraków-Legionowo: Wydawnictwo edu-Libri. (in Polish).

Hsu, C. H. C., Wolfe, K., & Kang, S. K. (2004). Image assessment for a destination with limited comparative advantages. Tourism Management, 25(1), 121-126. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0261-5177(03)00062-1

Jutla, R. S. (2000). Visual image of the city: Tourists’ versus residents’ perception of Simla, a hill station in northern India. Tourism Geographies, 2(4), 404-420. https://doi.org/10.1080/146166800750035512

Källström, L., & Hultman, J. (2019). Place satisfaction revisited: residents’ perceptions of “a good place to live”. Journal of Place Management and Development, 12(3), 274-290. https://doi.org/10.1108/JPMD-07-2017-0074

Kavaratzis, M. (2004). From city marketing to city branding: Towards a theoretical framework for developing city brands. Place Branding, 1, 58-73. https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.pb.5990005

Kavaratzis, M. (2015). Place branding scholars and practitioners: “Strangers in the night”? Journal of Place Management, 8(3), 266-270. https://doi.org/10.1108/JPMD-10-2015-0049

Kavaratzis, M., & Ashworth, G. J. (2005). City branding: An effective assertion of identity or a transitory marketing trick? Tijdschriftvoor Economischeen Sociale Geografie, 96(5), 506-514. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9663.2005.00482.x

Kavaratzis, M., & Hatch, M. J. (2013). The dynamics of place brands: An identity-based approach to place branding theory. Marketing Theory, 13(1), 69-86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1470593112467268

Kherbouche, S., & Djedid, A. (2019). Promoting the image of a historic city for sustainable cultural tourism: the case of Tlemcen Capital of Islamic Culture 2011. International Journal of Torurism Cities, 5(3), 412-428. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJTC-06-2018-0045

Kim, S., Stylidis, D., & Oh, M. (2019). Is perception of destination image stable or does it fluctuate? A measurement of three points in time. International Journal of Tourism Research, 21(4), 447-461. https://doi.org/10.1002/jtr.2273

Kotler, Ph., Asplund, C., Rein, I., & Haider, D. H. (1999). Marketing Places Europe: How to Attract Investments, Industries, Residents and Visitors to Cities, Communities, Regions and Nations in Europe. London: Financial Times Prentice Hall.

Kotler, Ph., Haider, D. H., & Rein, I. (1993). Marketing Places – Attracting Investment, Industry and Tourism to Cities, States and Nations. New York: The Free Press.

Lin, C.-H., Morais, D. B., Kerstetter, D. L., & Hou, J.-S. (2007). Examining the Role of Cognitive and Affective Image in Predicting Choice Across Natural, Developed, and Theme-Park Destinations. Journal of Travel Research, 46(2), 183-194. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0047287507304049

Loureiro, S. M. C., Stylos, N., & Miranda, F. J. (2019). Exploring How Mindfulness May Enhance Perceived Value of Travel Experience. The Service Industries Journal, 40(11-12), 800-824. https://doi.org/10.1080/02642069.2019.1600672

Łuczak, A. (2006). Wizerunek miasta jako element strategii marketingowej miasta. In T. Markowski (Ed.), Marketing terytorialny (pp. 166-184). Warszawa: Komitet Przestrzennego Zagospodarowania Kraju PAN. (in Polish).

Luque-Martínez, T., del Barrio-García, S., Ibáñez-Zapata, J. A., & Molina, M. A. R. (2007). Modeling a city’s image: The case of Granada. Cities, 24(5), 335-352. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2007.01.010

Manyiwa, S., Priporas, C. V., & Wang, X. L. (2018). Influence of perceived city brand image on emotional attachment to the city. Journal of Place Management and Development, 11(3), 60-77. https://doi.org/10.1108/JPMD-01-2017-0011

Martín-Azami, D., & Ramos-Real, F. J. (2019). The importance of perceived risk in destination image and its effects on behavioral intention. PASOS. Revista de Turismo y Patrimonio Cultural, 17(5), 915-928. https://doi.org/10.25145/j.pasos.2019.17.065

Merrilees, B., Miller, D., & Herington, C. (2009). Antecedents of Residents' City Brand Attitudes. Journal of Business Research, 62(3), 362-367. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2008.05.011

Merrilees, B., Miller, D., Ge, G. L., & Tam, C. C. C. (2018). Asian city brand meaning: a Hong Kong perspective. Journal of Brand Management, 25, 14-26. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41262-017-0073-1

Moustaka, A., & Constantoglou, M. (2021). Destination Image as Means of Branding and Marketing: Evidence from a Mountainous City Destination in Greece. Journal of Tourism Management Research, 8(1), 30-47. https://doi.org/10.18488/journal.31.2021.81.30.47

Nallathiga, R. (2011). Cities Under Competition: The Role of City Image(s) in Brand Building for Investment Inflow. The IUP Journal of Brand Management, VIII(4), 25-34. https://ssrn.com/abstract=2141782

Niemczyk, A. (2018). Wizerunek miasta w ocenie mieszkańców i jego determinanty. Marketing i Zarządzanie, 2(52), 115-127. https://doi.org/10.18276/miz.2018.52-11 (in Polish).

Niewiarowski, J., Mroziński, B., & Morawiak, A. (2013). Dwuczynnikowa analiza wariancji z powtarzanym pomiarem. In S. Bedyńska & M. Cypryańska (Eds.), Statystyczny drogowskaz 2. Praktyczne wprowadzenie do analizy wariancji (pp. 135-179). Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Akademickie Sedno. (in Polish).

Nunkoo, R., & Ramkissoon, H. (2011). Residents’ Satisfaction With Community Attributes and Support for Tourism. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Research, 35(2), 171-190. https://doi.org/10.1177/1096348010384600

Pedeliento, G., & Kavaratzis, M. (2019). Bridging the gap between culture, identity and image: a structurationist conceptualization of place brands and place branding. Journal of Product & Brand Management, 28(3), 348-363. https://doi.org/10.1108/JPBM-01-2018-1735

Phillips, L., & Schofield, P. (2007). Pottery, pride, and prejudice: Assessing resident images for city branding. Tourism Analysis, 12(5–6), 397-407. http://dx.doi.org/10.3727/108354207783228019

Pike, S., Jin, H. S., & Kotsi, F. (2019). There is nothing so practical as good theory for tracking destination image over time. Journal of Destination Marketing and Management, 14, 100387. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdmm.2019.100387

Priporas, C. V., Stylos, N., & Kamenidou, I. (2020). City image, city brand personality and generation Z residents' life satisfaction under economic crisis: Predictors of city-related social media engagement. Journal of Business Research, 119, 453-463. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2019.05.019

Ramkissoon, H., &Nunkoo, R. (2011). City Image and Perceived Tourism Impact: Evidence from Port Louis, Mauritius. International Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Administration, 12(2), 123-143. https://doi.org/10.1080/15256480.2011.564493

Rozhkov, K. L., & Skriabina, N. I. (2015). Places, users, and place uses: a theoretical approach to place market analysis. Journal of Place Management and Development, 8(2), 103-122. https://doi.org/10.1108/JPMD-10-2014-0024

Rozhkov, K., Khomutskii, K., Romanowski, R., & Muniz-Martinez, N. (2020). Place overbranding and how to prevent it: Connecting two conceptual and methodological approaches. Qualitative Market Research, 23(4), 979-999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/QMR-12-2017-0180

Ryan, C., & Aicken, M. (2010). The destination image gap – visitors' and residents' perceptions of place: evidence from Waiheke Island, New Zealand. Current Issues in Tourism, 13(6), 541-561. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500903215008

Sabari Shankar, R. (2018). Destination Personality and Destination Image: A Literature Review. Journal of Brand Management, 15(4), 47-60. https://ssrn.com/abstract=3383904

Sahin, S., & Baloglu, S. (2014). City Branding: Investigating a Brand Advocacy Model for Distinct Segments. Journal of Hospitality Marketing & Management, 23(3), 239-265. https://doi.org/10.1080/19368623.2013.779562

Scholvin, S., & van der Westhuizen, J. (2019). Cape Town and Rio de Janeiro: Attractive world cities and their dark sides. Geographische Rundschau, 71(11), 44-49. https://www.westermann.de/anlage/4617791/Kapstadt-und-Rio-de-Janeiro-Attraktive-Weltstaedte-und-ihre-Schattenseiten

Stanisz, A. (2006). Przystępny kurs statystyki z zastosowaniem Statistica PL na przykładach z medycyny. T. 1. Statystyki podstawowe. Kraków: StatSoft Polska. (in Polish).

Stanowicka, A. (2020). The image of a city in selected theories of regional development. Economics and Law, 19(1), 135-148. https://doi.org/10.12775/EiP.2020.010

Stylidis, D., Shani, A., & Belhassen, Y. (2017). Testing an integrated destination image model across residents and tourists. Tourism Management, 58, 184-195. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2016.10.014

Stylidis, D., Sit, J., & Biran, A. (2016). An Exploratory Study of Residents’ Perception of Place Image: The Case of Kavala. Journal of Travel Research, 55(5), 659-674. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287514563163

Styvén, M. E., Mariani, M. M., & Strandberg, C. (2020). This Is My Hometown! The Role of Place Attachment, Congruity, and Self-Expressiveness on Residents’ Intention to Share a Place Brand Message Online. Journal of Advertising, 49(5), 540-556. https://doi.org/10.1080/00913367.2020.1810594

Tasci, A. D. A., Gartner, W. C., & Cavusgil, S. T. (2007). Measurement of destination brand using a quasi-experimental design. Tourism Management, 28(6), 1529-1540. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2007.02.009

Tegegne, W. A., Moyle, B. D., & Becken, S. (2018). A qualitative system dynamics approach to understanding destination image. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 8, 14-22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdmm.2016.09.001

Tse, S., & Tung, V. W. S. (2022). Understanding residents’ attitudes towards tourists: Connecting stereotypes, emotions and behaviours. Tourism Management, 89, 104435. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2021.104435

Wiktorowicz, J., Grzelak, M. M., & Grzeszkiewicz-Radulska, K. (2020). Analiza statystyczna z IBM SPSS Statistics. Łódź: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego. (in Polish).

Yigitcanlar, T., Sabatini-Marques, J., Lorenzi, C., Bernardinetti, N., Schreiner, T., Fachinelli, A., & Wittmann, T. (2018). Towards smart florianópolis: What does it take to transform a tourist island into an innovation capital? Energies, 11(12), 3265. https://doi.org/10.3390/en11123265

Yuksel, A., & Akgul, O. (2007). Postcards as affective image makers: An idle agent in destination marketing. Tourism Management, 28(3), 714-725. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2006.04.026

Zenker, S., & Braun, E. (2017). Questioning a "one size fits all" city brand Developing a branded house strategy for place brand management. Journal od Place Management and Development, 10(3), 270-287. https://doi.org/10.1108/JPMD-04-2016-0018

Zenker, S., Braun, E., & Petersen, S. (2017). Branding the destination versus the place: The effects of brand complexity and identification for residents and visitors. Tourism Management, 58, 15-27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2016.10.008

Zhang, H., & Li, W. (2022). Where You Live Does Matter: Impact of Residents’ Place Image on Their Subjective Well-Being. Sustainability, 14(23), 16106. https://doi.org/10.3390/su142316106

Zhang, H., Fu, X., Cai, L. A., & Lin, L. (2014). Destination image and tourist loyalty: A meta-analysis. Tourism Management, 40(4), 213-223. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2013.06.006

Zhang, H., Wu, Y., & Buhalis, D. (2018). A model of perceived image, memorable tourism experiences and revisit intention. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 8, 326-336. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdmm.2017.06.004

Zucco, F. D., Reis, C., Anjos, S. J. G. D., Effting, S. J., & Pereira, M. D. L. (2017). Attributes of the Blumenau (Brazil) brand from the residents’ perspective, and its influence on the decision to stay in the destination. International Journal of Tourism Cities, 3(1), 43-55. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJTC-10-2016-0044

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

Copyright (c) 2024 Economics and Environment

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.