Słowa kluczowe
economic resilience
economic crises
regional development
Jak cytować
Abstrakt
The purpose of this study is to explore how foreign direct investment (FDI) enhances regional economic resilience, particularly during economic crises. Using a comparative approach, the study analysed the responses of foreign-invested entities versus domestically funded entities during the 2020 pandemic crisis. Findings reveal that, while both groups experienced investment and revenue declines, foreign-invested entities showed significantly less contraction and demonstrated stronger post-crisis growth, surpassing pre-pandemic levels. This indicates that FDI presence bolsters regional stability and adaptability in the face of economic disruptions. Limitations include a focus on a single crisis event, suggesting further research across varied economic conditions. Practical implications highlight FDI’s potential in policy strategies aimed at building regional resilience. The study contributes original insights into FDI’s role in economic stabilisation, offering value to policymakers and regional development stakeholders.
Bibliografia
Akyüz, Y. (2017). Playing with fire: Deepened financial integration and changing vulnerabilities of the global south. Oxfrod: Oxford University Press.
Alfaro, L., Chanda, A., Kalemli-Ozcan, S., & Sayek, S. (2004). FDI and economic growth: The role of local financial markets. Journal of International Economics, 64(1), 89-112. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-1996(03)00081-3
Alon, I., Apriliyanti, I. D., & Henríquez Parodi, M. C. (2021). A systematic review of international franchising. Multinational Business Review, 29(1), 43-69. https://doi.org/10.1108/MBR-01-2020-0019
Amendolagine, V., Presbitero, A. F., Rabellotti, R., & Sanfilippo, M. (2019). Local sourcing in developing countries: The role of foreign direct investments and global value chains. World Development, 113, 73-88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2018.08.010
Baccini, L., Poast, P., & Urpelainen, J. (2019). Global economic shocks and FDI flows: Empirical insights and policy implications. Economics & Politics, 31(3), 393-415.
Bernat, M. (2016). The Role of Foreign Capital Invested in the Form of Foreign Direct Investment in the Economy of the Opolskie Voivodship in the Years 1990–2015. Regional Barometer. Analyses & Prognoses, 14(1), 43-51. https://doi.org/10.56583/br.665
Beugelsdijk, S., McCann, P., & Mudambi, R. (2010). Introduction: place, space and organization – economic geography and the multinational enterprise. Journal of Economic Geography, 10(4), 485-493. https://www.jstor.org/stable/26161410
Blalock, G., & Gertler, P. J. (2008). Welfare gains from Foreign Direct Investment through technology transfer to local suppliers. Journal of International Economics, 74(2), 402-421. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinteco.2007.05.011
Blomström, M., & Kokko, A. (2001). Foreign direct investment and spillovers of technology. Ijtm, 22(5-6), 435-454. https://doi.org/10.1504/ijtm.2001.002972
Blomström, M., & Kokko, A. (2003). The economics of foreign direct investment incentives. In H. Herrmann & R. Lipsey (Eds.), Foreign Direct Investment in Developing Countries (pp. 37-57). Berlin: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-24736-4_3
Brada, J. C., Gajewski, P., & Kutan, A. M. (2021). Economic resiliency and recovery, lessons from the financial crisis for the COVID-19 pandemic: A regional perspective from Central and Eastern Europe. International Review of Financial Analysis, 74, 101658. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.irfa.2021.101658
Carstensen, K., & Toubal, F. (2004). Foreign direct investment in Central and Eastern European countries: a dynamic panel analysis. Journal of Comparative Economics, 32(1), 3-22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jce.2003.11.001
Casella, B., & Formenti, L. (2018). UNCTAD insights: FDI in the digital economy: A shift to asset-light international footprints. Transnational Corporations, 25(1), 101-130. https://doi.org/10.18356/cb688e94-en
Crescenzi, R., & Gagliardi, L. (2015). Foreign multinationals and domestic innovation: Intra-industry effects and new firm entry. Research Policy, 44(3), 595-609. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2014.12.009
Dai, L., Mu, X., Lee, C. C., & Liu, W. (2021). The impact of outward foreign direct investment on green innovation: the threshold effect of environmental regulation. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28(26), 34868-34884. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-12930-w
Dicken, P. (2015). Global shift: Mapping the changing contours of the world economy. London: Sage Publications.
Dunning, J. H. (2009). Location and the multinational enterprise: A neglected factor? Journal of International Business Studies, 40(1), 5-19. https://doi.org/10.1057/jibs.2008.74
Dunning, J. H., & Lundan, S. M. (2008). Multinational enterprises and the global economy (2nd ed.). Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
Farole, T., Staritz, C., & Winkler, D. (2014). Conceptual framework. In T. Farole & D. Winkler (Eds.), Making Foreign Direct Investment Work for Sub-Saharan Africa: Local Spillovers and Competitiveness in Global Value Chains (pp. 23-55). Washington: The World Bank. https://doi.org/10.1596/978-1-4648-0126-6_ch2
Gereffi, G., Humphrey, J., & Sturgeon, T. (2005). The governance of global value chains. Review of International Political Economy, 12(1), 78-104. https://doi.org/10.1080/09692290500049805
Görg, H., & Greenaway, D. (2004). Much ado about nothing? Do domestic firms really benefit from foreign direct investment? World Bank Research Observer, 19(2), 171-197.
Gorynia, M., Matysek-Jędrych, A., & Mińska-Struzik, E. (2021). Poland on the path of competitiveness growth. In S.I. Bukowski, A. Hyz & M.B. Lament (Eds.), Competitiveness and economic development in Europe (pp. 116-130). London: Routledge.
Gorynia, M., Nowak, J., & Wolniak, R. (2005). Motives and modes of FDI, firm characteristics and performance: case studies of foreign subsidiaries in Poland. Journal of Transnational Management, 10(3), 55-87. https://doi.org/10.1300/J482v10n03_05
Gorynia, M., Nowak, J., Howak, J., & Wolniak, R. (2007). Motives and modes of FDI in Poland: An exploratory qualitative study. Journal for East European Management Studies, 132-151. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/0949-6181-2007-2-132
Gorynia, M., Nowak, J., Trąpczyński, P., & Wolniak, R. (2014). The internationalization of Polish firms: Evidence from a qualitative study of FDI behaviour. In M.T.T. Thai & E. Turkina (Eds.), Internationalization of Firms from Economies in Transition (pp. 39-66). Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing.
Gorynia, M., Nowak, J., Trąpczyński, P., & Wolniak, R. (2015). Outward FDI of Polish firms: The role of motives, entry modes and location factors. Journal of East European Management Studies, 20(3), 328-359. http://dx.doi.org/10.1688/JEEMS-2015-03-Gorynia
Gorynia, M., Nowak, J., Trąpczyński, P., & Wolniak, R. (2016). Determinants of FDI establishment mode choice of Polish firms. The OLI paradigm perspective. Argumenta Oeconomica, 37(2), 67-92. http://dx.doi.org/10.15611/aoe.2016.2.03
Gorynia, M., Nowak, J., Trąpczyński, P., & Wolniak, R. (2019). Geographic patterns of Poland’s FDI: the investment development path perspective. Post-Communist Economies, 31(4), 507-529. https://doi.org/10.1080/14631377.2019.1578581
Gorynia, M., Nowak, J., Trąpczyński, P., & Wolniak, R. (2022). Integration and investment development paths of CEE countries. Does EU-membership make a difference? Eurasian Geography and Economics, 63(1), 27-54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15387216.2020.1828124
Gorynia, M., Nowak, J., Trąpczyński, P., & Wolniak, R. (2024). What drives export resilience? The case of post-transition country firms in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. Entrepreneurial Business and Economics Review, 12(1), 119-133. https://doi.org/10.15678/EBER.2024.120107
GUS. (2006). Działalność gospodarcza podmiotów z kapitałem zagranicznym w 2005 r. https://stat.gov.pl/obszary-tematyczne/podmioty-gospodarcze-wyniki-finansowe/przedsiebiorstwa-niefinansowe/dzialalnosc-gospodarcza-podmiotow-z-kapitalem-zagranicznym-w-2005-r-,4,1.html (in Polish).
GUS. (2007). Działalność gospodarcza podmiotów z kapitałem zagranicznym w 2006 r. https://stat.gov.pl/obszary-tematyczne/podmioty-gospodarcze-wyniki-finansowe/przedsiebiorstwa-niefinansowe/dzialalnosc-gospodarcza-podmiotow-z-kapitalem-zagranicznym-w-2006-r-,4,2.html (in Polish).
GUS. (2008). Działalność gospodarcza podmiotów z kapitałem zagranicznym w 2007 r. https://stat.gov.pl/obszary-tematyczne/podmioty-gospodarcze-wyniki-finansowe/przedsiebiorstwa-niefinansowe/dzialalnosc-gospodarcza-podmiotow-z-kapitalem-zagranicznym-w-2007-r-,4,3.html (in Polish).
GUS. (2009). Działalność gospodarcza podmiotów z kapitałem zagranicznym w 2008 r. https://stat.gov.pl/obszary-tematyczne/podmioty-gospodarcze-wyniki-finansowe/przedsiebiorstwa-niefinansowe/dzialalnosc-gospodarcza-podmiotow-z-kapitalem-zagranicznym-w-2008-r-,4,4.html (in Polish).
GUS. (2010). Działalność gospodarcza podmiotów z kapitałem zagranicznym w 2009 r. https://stat.gov.pl/obszary-tematyczne/podmioty-gospodarcze-wyniki-finansowe/przedsiebiorstwa-niefinansowe/dzialalnosc-gospodarcza-podmiotow-z-kapitalem-zagranicznym-w-2009-r-,4,5.html (in Polish).
GUS. (2011). Działalność gospodarcza podmiotów z kapitałem zagranicznym w 2010 r. https://stat.gov.pl/obszary-tematyczne/podmioty-gospodarcze-wyniki-finansowe/przedsiebiorstwa-niefinansowe/dzialalnosc-gospodarcza-podmiotow-z-kapitalem-zagranicznym-w-2010-r-,4,6.html (in Polish).
GUS. (2012). Działalność gospodarcza podmiotów z kapitałem zagranicznym w 2011 r. https://stat.gov.pl/obszary-tematyczne/podmioty-gospodarcze-wyniki-finansowe/przedsiebiorstwa-niefinansowe/dzialalnosc-gospodarcza-podmiotow-z-kapitalem-zagranicznym-w-2011-r-,4,7.html (in Polish).
GUS. (2013). Działalność gospodarcza podmiotów z kapitałem zagranicznym w 2012 r. https://stat.gov.pl/obszary-tematyczne/podmioty-gospodarcze-wyniki-finansowe/przedsiebiorstwa-niefinansowe/dzialalnosc-gospodarcza-podmiotow-z-kapitalem-zagranicznym-w-2012-r-,4,8.html (in Polish).
GUS. (2014). Działalność gospodarcza podmiotów z kapitałem zagranicznym w 2013 r. https://stat.gov.pl/obszary-tematyczne/podmioty-gospodarcze-wyniki-finansowe/przedsiebiorstwa-niefinansowe/dzialalnosc-gospodarcza-podmiotow-z-kapitalem-zagranicznym-w-2013-r-,4,9.html?pdf=1 (in Polish).
GUS. (2015). Działalność gospodarcza podmiotów z kapitałem zagranicznym w 2014 r. https://stat.gov.pl/obszary-tematyczne/podmioty-gospodarcze-wyniki-finansowe/przedsiebiorstwa-niefinansowe/dzialalnosc-gospodarcza-podmiotow-z-kapitalem-zagranicznym-w-2014-r-,4,10.html (in Polish).
GUS. (2016). Działalność gospodarcza podmiotów z kapitałem zagranicznym w 2015 r. https://stat.gov.pl/obszary-tematyczne/podmioty-gospodarcze-wyniki-finansowe/przedsiebiorstwa-niefinansowe/dzialalnosc-gospodarcza-podmiotow-z-kapitalem-zagranicznym-w-2015-r-,4,11.html (in Polish).
GUS. (2017). Działalność gospodarcza podmiotów z kapitałem zagranicznym w 2016 r. https://stat.gov.pl/obszary-tematyczne/podmioty-gospodarcze-wyniki-finansowe/przedsiebiorstwa-niefinansowe/dzialalnosc-gospodarcza-podmiotow-z-kapitalem-zagranicznym-w-2016-r-%2C4%2C12.html (in Polish).
GUS. (2018). Działalność gospodarcza podmiotów z kapitałem zagranicznym w 2017r. https://stat.gov.pl/obszary-tematyczne/podmioty-gospodarcze-wyniki-finansowe/przedsiebiorstwa-niefinansowe/dzialalnosc-gospodarcza-podmiotow-z-kapitalem-zagranicznym-w-2017-roku,26,1.html (in Polish).
GUS. (2019). Działalność gospodarcza podmiotów z kapitałem zagranicznym w 2018 r. https://stat.gov.pl/obszary-tematyczne/podmioty-gospodarcze-wyniki-finansowe/przedsiebiorstwa-niefinansowe/dzialalnosc-gospodarcza-podmiotow-z-kapitalem-zagranicznym-w-2018-roku,4,14.html (in Polish).
GUS. (2020). Działalność gospodarcza przedsiębiorstw z kapitałem zagranicznym w 2019 r. https://stat.gov.pl/obszary-tematyczne/podmioty-gospodarcze-wyniki-finansowe/przedsiebiorstwa-niefinansowe/dzialalnosc-gospodarcza-przedsiebiorstw-z-kapitalem-zagranicznym-w-2019-roku,4,15.html (in Polish).
GUS. (2021). Działalność gospodarcza przedsiębiorstw z kapitałem zagranicznym w 2020 r. https://stat.gov.pl/files/gfx/portalinformacyjny/pl/defaultaktualnosci/5502/26/4/1/dzialalnosc_gospodarcza_przedsiebiorstw_z_kapitalem_zagranicznym_w_2020_r.pdf (in Polish).
GUS. (2022). Działalność gospodarcza przedsiębiorstw z kapitałem zagranicznym w 2021 r. https://stat.gov.pl/obszary-tematyczne/podmioty-gospodarcze-wyniki-finansowe/przedsiebiorstwa-niefinansowe/dzialalnosc-gospodarcza-przedsiebiorstw-z-kapitalem-zagranicznym-w-2021-roku,4,17.html (in Polish).
GUS. (2024). Działalność gospodarcza przedsiębiorstw z kapitałem zagranicznym w 2022 r. https://stat.gov.pl/obszary-tematyczne/podmioty-gospodarcze-wyniki-finansowe/przedsiebiorstwa-niefinansowe/dzialalnosc-gospodarcza-przedsiebiorstw-z-kapitalem-zagranicznym-w-2022-roku,4,18.html (in Polish).
Hijzen, A., Görg, H., & Manchin, M. (2008). Cross-border mergers and acquisitions and the role of trade costs. European Economic Review, 52(5), 849-866. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroecorev.2007.07.002
Hu, X., Li, L., & Dong, K. (2022). What matters for regional economic resilience amid COVID-19? Evidence from cities in Northeast China. Cities, 120, 103440. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2021.103440
Iammarino, S. (2018). FDI and regional development policy. Journal of International Business Policy, 1(3), 157-183. https://doi.org/10.1057/s42214-018-0012-1
Ivarsson, I., & Alvstam, C. G. (2005). The effect of spatial Proximity on technology transfer from TNCs to local suppliers in developing countries: The case of AB Volvo in Asia and Latin America. Economic Geography, 81(1), 83-111. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1944-8287.2005.tb00256.x
Jankowiak, A. H. (2016). Partnership through Investment - Chinese Foreign Direct Investment in CEE Countries. In J. Wardęga (Ed.), China- Central and Eastern Europe Cross-Cultural Dialogue. Society, Business and Education in Transition (pp. 213-228). Kraków: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego.
Javorcik, B. S. (2004). Does foreign direct investment increase the productivity of domestic firms? In search of spillovers through backward linkages. American Economic Review, 94(3), 605-627. https://doi.org/10.1257/0002828041464605
Jones, A. (2018). Geographies of production III: economic geographies of management and international business. Progress in Human Geography, 42(2), 275-285. https://doi.org/10.1177/0309132516680756
Josifidis, K., Supić, N., & Bodor, S. (2021). Distributional effects of foreign versus domestic investment: Evidence from post-Communist EU member states. Panoeconomicus, 68(2), 187-211. https://doi.org/10.2298/PAN2102187J
Kania, M. (2006). Niemieckie inwestycje bezpośrednie na Śląsku Opolskim w okresie transformacji. Śląsk Opolski, 2. (in Polish).
Kania, M. (2007). Bezpośrednie inwestycje zagraniczne na Śląsku Opolskim w latach 1990-2005. Opole: Wydawnictwo Politechniki Opolskiej. (in Polish).
Li, M., & Wang, X. (2022). How regions react to economic crisis: regional economic resilience in a Chinese perspective. Sage Open, 12(4). https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440221142507
Linares-Navarro, E., Pedersen, T., & Pla-Barber, J. (2014). Fine slicing of the value chain and offshoring of essential activities: empirical evidence from European multinationals. Journal of Business Economics and Management, 15(1), 111-134. https://doi.org/10.3846/16111699.2012.745817
Liu, Q., Qiu, L. D., & Zhan, C. (2024). FDI inflows and export quality: Domestic competition and within-firm adjustment. Journal of Development Economics, 170, 103293. https://ssrn.com/abstract=4012853
Luo, Y., Salman, M., & Lu, Z. (2021). Heterogeneous impacts of environmental regulations and foreign direct investment on green innovation across different regions in China. Science of the total environment, 759, 143744. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143744
Martin, R., & Sunley, P. (2015). On the notion of regional economic resilience: Conceptualization and explanation. Journal of Economic Geography, 15(1), 1-42. https://doi.org/10.1093/jeg/lbu015
Martínez-Noya, A., & Narula, R. (2018). What more can we learn from R&D alliances? A review and research agenda. BRQ Business Research Quarterly, 21(3), 195-212. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brq.2018.04.001
Massini, S., & Miozzo, M. (2012). Outsourcing and offshoring of business services: Challenges to theory, management, and geography of innovation. Journal of International Management, 18(1), 4-21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1683467
Meyer, K. E., & Sinani, E. (2009). When and where does foreign direct investment generate positive spillovers? A meta-analysis. Journal of International Business Studies, 40(7), 1075-1094. https://doi.org/10.1057/jibs.2008.111
Monastiriotis, V., & Jordaan, J. A. (2010). Does FDI promote regional development? Evidence from local and regional productivity spillovers in Greece. Eastern Journal of European Studies, 1(2), 139. https://ejes.uaic.ro/articles/EJES2010_0102_MON.pdf
Morisset, J. (2000). Foreign direct investment in Africa: policies also matter. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/entities/publication/34390c61-8bed-5dec-a5a4-6b3ba65bbfae
Narula, R., & Dunning, J. H. (2010). Multinational enterprises, development and globalization: Some clarifications and a research agenda. Oxford Development Studies, 38(3), 263-287. https://doi.org/10.1080/13600818.2010.505684
Narula, R., & Santangelo, G. D. (2012). Location, collocation, and R&D alliances in the European ICT industry. Research Policy, 37(2), 393-403. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2008.11.005
NBP. (n.d.). Archiwum kursów średnich – tabela A. https://nbp.pl/statystyka-i-sprawozdawczosc/kursy/archiwum-kursow-srednich-tabela-a/ (in Polish).
OECD. (2020). Global outlook on financing for sustainable development 2021. https://www.oecd.org/en/publications/global-outlook-on-financing-for-sustainable-development-2021_e3c30a9a-en.html
Pavlínek, P. (2004). Regional development implications of foreign direct investment in Central Europe. European Urban and Regional Studies, 11(1), 47-70. https://doi.org/10.1177/0969776404039142
Pavlínek, P. (2012). The internationalization of corporate R&D and the automotive industry R&D of East-Central Europe. Economic Geography, 88(3), 279-310. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1944-8287.2012.01155.x
Pavlínek, P. (2016). Whose success? The state-foreign capital nexus and the development of the automotive industry in Slovakia. European Urban and Regional Studies, 23(4), 571-593. https://doi.org/10.1177/0969776414557965
Pavlínek, P. (2018). Global production networks, foreign direct investment, and supplier linkages in the integrated peripheries of the automotive industry. Economic Geography, 94(2), 141-165. https://doi.org/10.1080/00130095.2017.1393313
Pavlínek, P. (2020). Restructuring and internationalization of the European automotive industry. Journal of Economic Geography, 20(2), 509-541. https://doi.org/10.1093/jeg/lby070
Pavlínek, P. (2022). Relative positions of countries in the core-periphery structure of the European automotive industry. European Urban and Regional Studies, 29(1), 59-84. https://doi.org/10.1177/09697764211021882
Pavlínek, P., & Žížalová, P. (2016). Linkages and spillovers in global production networks: Firm-level analysis of the Czech automotive industry. Journal of Economic Geography, 16(2), 331-363. https://doi.org/10.1093/jeg/lbu041
Pendall, R., Foster, K. A., & Cowell, M. (2010). Resilience and regions: Building understanding of the metaphor. Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society, 3(1), 71-84. https://doi.org/10.1093/cjres/rsp028
Phelps, N. A., & Wood, A. (2018a). Multinationals and economic geography: Location, technology, and innovation. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing.
Phelps, N. A., & Wood, A. M. (2018b). The business of location: Site selection consultants and the mobilisation of knowledge in the location decision. Journal of Economic Geography, 18(5), 1023-1044. https://doi.org/10.1093/jeg/lbx016
Prokop, V., Kotková Stříteská, M., & Stejskal, J. (2021). Fostering Czech firms' innovation performance through efficient cooperation. Oeconomia Copernicana, 12(3), 671-700. https://doi.org/10.24136/oc.2021.022
Pusterla, F., & Resmini, L. (2007). Where do foreign firms locate in transition countries? An empirical investigation. The Annals of Regional Science, 41(4), 835-856. https://www.etsg.org/ETSG2005/papers/pusterla.pdf
Resmini, L. (2000). The determinants of foreign direct investment in the CEECs: new evidence from sectoral patterns. Economics of Transition, 8(3), 665-689. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0351.00060
Rodríguez-Pose, A., & Griffiths, J. (2020). Local assets and economic resilience in times of crisis. Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society, 13(1), 177-191.
Santangelo, G. D. (2009). MNCs and linkages creation: Evidence from a peripheral area. Journal of World Business, 44(2), 192-205. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwb.2008.05.009
Santangelo, G. D. (2018). The impact of FDI in land in agriculture in developing countries on host country food security. Journal of World Business, 53(1), 75-84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwb.2017.07.006
Spencer, J. W. (2008). The impact of multinational enterprise strategy on indigenous enterprises: Horizontal spillovers and crowding out in developing countries. Advances in Magnetic Resonance, 33(2), 341-361. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.2008.31193230
Trippl, M., Fastenrath, S., & Isaksen, A. (2024). Rethinking regional economic resilience: Preconditions and processes shaping transformative resilience. European Urban and Regional Studies, 31(2), 101-115. https://doi.org/10.1177/09697764231172326
Turok, I. (1993). Inward investment and local linkages: How deeply embedded is "silicon glen"? Regional Studies, 27(5), 401-417. https://doi.org/10.1080/00343409312331347655
UNCTAD. (2017). World Investment Report 2017: Investment and the digital economy. https://unctad.org/publication/world-investment-report-2017
UNCTAD. (2020). World Investment Report 2020: International production beyond the pandemic. https://unctad.org/publication/world-investment-report-2020
UNCTAD. (2021). World Investment Report 2021: Investing in sustainable recovery. https://unctad.org/publication/world-investment-report-2021
Wei, X., Mohsin, M., & Zhang, Q. (2022). Role of foreign direct investment and economic growth in renewable energy development. Renewable Energy, 192, 828-837. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2022.04.062
Zhan, J. X. (2020). Covid-19 and investment--an UNCTAD research round-up of the international pandemic's effect on FDI flows and policy. Transnational corporations, 27(1), 1-3. https://ssrn.com/abstract=3624092
Zhan, J. X. (2021). GVC transformation and a new investment landscape in the 2020s: Driving forces, directions, and a forward-looking research and policy agenda. Journal of International Business Policy, 4(2), 206-220. https://doi.org/10.1057/s42214-020-00088-0
Zhang, Q., & Felmingham, B. (2002). The role of FDI, exports and spillover effects in the regional development of China. Journal of Development Studies, 38(4), 157-178. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00220380412331322451
Zoltán, G., & Gábor, L. (2022). FDI-based regional development in Central and Eastern Europe: A review and an agenda. Tér és Társadalom, 36(3), 68-98.
Utwór dostępny jest na licencji Creative Commons Uznanie autorstwa – Na tych samych warunkach 4.0 Miedzynarodowe.
Prawa autorskie (c) 2024 Czasopismo "Economics and Environment"