Keywords
wastewater treatment plants
metals fractions
How to Cite
Abstract
The purpose of the article is to demonstrate practices used to supervise the use of sewage sludge for agricultural purposes. The presented research and conclusions are a trend analysis and are not to be used to penalise entities. Sewage sludge, which comes from the illegal dumping of wastewater into municipal wastewater by industrial plants, contains large amounts of heavy metals. Treatment plants transfer the sludge for agricultural use. Regulations specifically restrict the mode and conditions for such use of sludge. Methods: the research was carried out using a proprietary questionnaire, which is a supplement to the reporting questionnaire of the National Urban Wastewater Treatment Program implemented by the State Water Company "Wody Polskie". Results: The survey was conducted at 208 wastewater treatment plants in Poland. The results show that the majority of wastewater treatment plants do not properly supervise the process of introducing sewage sludge into the soil. They also lack supervision of how much heavy metals from wastewater are introduced into the soil. This means that there is a very high risk of contamination of agricultural soils. The results obtained could initiate a detailed analysis of this phenomenon in Poland. A comprehensive study of the scale of the practice and its current effects is required to determine the actual condition of soil treated with sewage sludge.
References
Act from 14 December 2012. Act on Waste. Journal of Laws 2012, item 21. https://isap.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/DocDetails.xsp?id=wdu20130000021 (in Polish).
Act from 20 July 2017. Water Law. Journal of Laws 2017, item 1566. https://isap.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/DocDetails.xsp?id=WDU20170001566 (in Polish).
Act from 27 April 2001. Environment Protection Act. Journal of Laws No. 62, item 627. https://isap.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/DocDetails.xsp?id=wdu20010620627 (in Polish).
Almeida, T. A. B., Montenegro, A. A. A., de Carvalho, A. A., & Tabosa, J. N. (2021). Soil and crop spatial variability in maize irrigated with domestic effluent. DYNA, 88(219), 111-117. https://doi.org/10.15446/dyna.v88n219.92874
Ariņa, D., & Bendere, R. (2011). The estimation of the emission of greenhouse gasses by the treatment of sewage sludge in latvia. Paper presented at the Research for Rural Development, 2, 214-217.
Bagheri, M., Bauer, T., Burgman, L. E., & Wetterlund, E. (2023). Fifty years of sewage sludge management research: Mapping researchers' motivations and concerns. Journal of Environmental Management, 325, 116412. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.116412
Barwicki, J., Borusiewicz, A., Holden, L., Kulcsar, L., Skibko, Z., Żuchowski, I., & Romaniuk, W. (2022). Leaching of Elements from Soil in Grassland Field Crops Treated with Raw and Acidified Slurry. Agricultural Engineering, 26(1), 145-156. https://doi.org/10.2478/agriceng-2022-0012
Bianchini, A., Bonfiglioli, L., Pellegrini, M., & Saccani, C. (2016). Sewage sludge management in Europe: a critical analysis of data quality. International Journal of Environment and Waste Management, 18(3), 226-238. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJEWM.2016.080795
Boniardi, G., Turolla, A., Fiameni, L., Gelmi, E., Bontempi, E., & Canziani, R. (2022). Phosphorus recovery from a pilot-scale grate furnace: Influencing factors beyond wet chemical leaching conditions. Water Science and Technology, 85(9), 2525-2538. https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2022.132
Borek, K., & Romaniuk, W. (2020). Biogas Installations for Harvesting Energy and Utilization of Natural Fertilisers. Agricultural Engineering, 24(1), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1515/agriceng-2020-0001
Campo, G., Cerutti, A., Lastella, C., Leo, A., Panepinto, D., Zanetti, M., & Ruffino, B. (2021). Production and Destination of Sewage Sludge in the Piemonte Region (Italy): The Results of a Survey for a Future Sustainable Management. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Heal, 18(7), 3556. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18073556
Cieslik, B. M., Namiesnik, J., & Konieczka, P. (2015). Review of sewage sludge management: standards, regulations and analytical methods. Journal of Cleaner Production, 90, 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JCLEPRO.2014.11.031
Ciuła, J., Gaska, K., Siedlarz, D., & Koval, V. (2019). Management of sewage sludge energy use with the application of bi-functional bioreactor as an element of pure production in industry. E3S Web of Conferences, 123, 01016. https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201912301016
Cocârță, D. M., Velcea, A. M. N., Harber, C., & Badea, A. A. (2019). Benefits and potential risks to humans from agricultural use of sewage sludge. Proceedings of the 19th International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference SGEM, Bulgaria, 19(5.2), 177-184.
Czekała, W., Nowak, M., & Bojarski, W. (2023). Anaerobic Digestion and Composting as Methods of Bio-Waste Management. Agricultural Engineering, 27(1), 173-186. https://doi.org/10.2478/agriceng-2023-0013
Dahiya, P., Singh, N., & Singh, A. (2022). Impact of sewage sludge application on microbial diversity and fertility of soil: A long-term study. In M.P. Shah, N. Shah, S. Rodriguez-Couto & R. Banerjee (Eds.), Development in Waste Water Treatment Research and Processes (pp. 91-106). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-85584-6.00006-6
Derehajło, S., Tymińska, M., Skibko, Z., Borusiewicz, A., Romaniuk, W., Kubon, M., Olech, E., & Koszel, M. (2023). Heavy metal content in substrates in agricul-tural biogas plants. Agricultural Engineering, 27(1), 315-328. https://doi.org/10.2478/agriceng-2023-0023
Fachini, J., & de Figueiredo, C. C. (2022). Pyrolysis of sewage sludge: Physical, chemical, morphological, and mineralogical transformations. Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology, 65. https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-4324-2022210592
Franus, M., Barnat-Hunek, D., & Woszuk, A. (2020). Sposób wytwarzania kruszywa lekkiego z osadów ściekowych i kruszywo lekkie: opis patentowy nr 234122. Urząd Patentowy Rzeczypospolitej Polskie. https://bc.pollub.pl/dlibra/publication/13806/edition/13478 (in Polish).
Góralczyk, S., Mazela, A., Uzunow, E., & Naziemiec, Z. (2009). Kruszywa lekkie z osadów ściekowych i odpadów mineralnych. Prace Naukowe Instytutu Górnictwa Politechniki Wrocławskiej. Studia i Materiały, 125(35), 105-112. (in Polish).
Grgas, D., Štefanac, T., Barešić, M., Toromanović, M., Ibrahimpašić, J., Vukušić Pavičić, T., Habuda-Stanić, M., Herceg, Z., & Landeka Dragičević, T. (2023). Co-composting of sewage sludge, green waste, and food waste. Journal of Sustainable Development of Energy, Water and Environment Systems, 11(1), 1100415. https://doi.org/10.13044/j.sdewes.d10.0415
Halecki, W., López-Hernández, N. A., Koźmińska, A., Ciarkowska, K., & Klatka, S. (2022). A circular economy approach to restoring soil substrate ameliorated by sewage sludge with amendments. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(9), 5296. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19095296
Hawrylik, E., Butarewicz, A., & Andraka, M. (2022). Toxicity assessment of sewage sludge from municipal sewage treatment plants. Economics and Environment, 82(3), 257-268. https://doi.org/10.34659/eis.2022.82.3.491
Ignatowicz, K. (2017). The impact of sewage sludge treatment on the content of selected heavy metals and their fractions. Environmental Research, 156, 19-22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2017.02.035
Janas, M., Zawadzka, A., & Cichowicz, R. (2018). The influence of selected factors on leaching of metals from sewage sludge. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 25(33), 33240-33248. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-3094-8
Joniec, J., Gąsior, J., Voloshanska, S., Nazarkiewicz, M., & Hoivanovych, N. (2019a). Evaluation of the effectiveness of land reclamation based on microbiological and biochemical parameters assessed in an ozokerite mining and processing landfill sown with trifolium hybridum and dactylis glomerata. Journal of Environmental Management, 242, 343-350. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.03.058
Joniec, J., Oleszczuk, P., Jezierska-Tys, S., & Kwiatkowska, E. (2019b). Effect of reclamation treatments on microbial activity and phytotoxicity of soil degraded by the sulphur mining industry. Environmental Pollution, 252, 1429-1438. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2019.06.066
Kacprzak, M., Neczaj, E., Fijałkowski, K., Grobelak, A., Grosser, A., Worwag, M., Rorat, A., Brattebo, H., Almås, Å., & Singh, B. R. (2017). Sewage sludge disposal strategies for sustainable development. Environmental Research, 156, 39-46. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENVRES.2017.03.010
Koc-Jurczyk, J., & Jurczyk, Ł. (2021). Gospodarka osadami ściekowymi jako narzędzie gospodarki o obiegu zamkniętym. In M. Smol (Ed.), Monografia pokonferencyjna. Strategie Wdrażania Zielonego Ładu: Woda i Surowce (pp. 35-47). Kraków: IGSMiE PAN. https://min-pan.krakow.pl/wydawnictwo/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2021/09/Strategie-Wdra%25C5%25BCania-Zielonego-%25C5%2581adu-2000.pdf (in Polish).
Kominko, H., Gorazda, K., & Wzorek, Z. (2019). Potentiality of sewage sludge-based organo-mineral fertilizer production in Poland considering nutrient value, heavy metal content and phytotoxicity for rapeseed crops. Journal of Environmental Management, 248, 109283. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.109283
Krasowska, M., Kowczyk-Sadowy, M., & Obidziński, S. (2023). Composting of stabilized municipal sewage sludge with residues from agri-food processing in Poland. Economics and Environment, 83(4), 103-116. https://doi.org/10.34659/eis.2022.83.4.509
Mukawa, J., Pająk, T., & Rzepecki, T. (2019). Regionalna gospodarka osadami ściekowymi w aspekcie zrównoważonego rozwoju. Przemysł Chemiczny, 98, 1430-1432. (in Polish).
Mulchandani, A., & Westerhoff, P. (2016). Recovery opportunities for metals and energy from sewage sludges. Bioresource Technology, 215, 215-226. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2016.03.075
Obwieszczenie Marszałka Sejmu Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej z dnia 25 czerwca 2021 r. w sprawie ogłoszenia jednolitego tekstu ustawy o systemie oceny zgodności. (Dz. U. z 2021 r., poz. 1344). https://isap.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/DocDetails.xsp?id=WDU20210001344 (in Polish).
Paranjpe, A., Saxena, S., & Jain, P. (2020). Addition biogas generation through sewage sludge in wastewater treatment plant. International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering, 10(4), 66-71.
Przydatek, G., & Wota, A. K. (2020). Analysis of the comprehensive management of sewage sludge in Poland. Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management, 22(1), 80-88. https://doi.org/10.1007/S10163-019-00937-Y
Raček, J., Chorazy, T., Komendová, R., Kučerík, J., & Hlavínek, P. (2022). Characteristics of a solid carbonaceous product of microwave pyrolysis/torrefaction of sewage sludge for the use in agriculture and blue-green infrastructure. Odsalanie i uzdatnianie wody, 258, 223-240. doi: https://doi.org/10.5004/dwt.2022.28423
Rozporządzenie Ministra Rolnictwa i Rozwoju Wsi z dnia 18 czerwca 2008 r. w sprawie wykonania niektórych przepisów ustawy o nawozach i nawożeniu. (Dz. U. z 2008 r. Nr. 119, poz. 765 z późn. zm.). https://isap.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/DocDetails.xsp?id=wdu20081190765 (in Polish).
Rozporządzenie Ministra Środowiska z dnia 20 stycznia 2015 r. w sprawie procesu odzysku R10. (Dz. U. z 2015 r., poz. 132). https://isap.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/DocDetails.xsp?id=wdu20150000132 (in Polish).
Rozporządzenie Ministra Środowiska z dnia 6 lutego 2015 r. w sprawie stosowania komunalnych osadów ściekowych. (Dz. U. z 2015 r., poz. 257). https://isap.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/DocDetails.xsp?id=wdu20150000257 (in Polish).
Saoudi, M. A., Dabert, P., Ponthieux, A., Vedrenne, F., & Daumer, M. (2022). Correlation between phosphorus removal technologies and phosphorus speciation in sewage sludge: Focus on iron- based P removal technologies. Environmental Technology, 44(14), 2091-2103. https://doi.org/10.1080/09593330.2021.2023222
Siddiqui, M. I., Rameez, H., Farooqi, I. H., & Basheer, F. (2023). Recent advancement in commercial and other sustainable techniques for energy and material recovery from sewage sludge. Water, 15(5), 948. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15050948
Sikora, J., Niemiec, M., Szeląg-Sikora, A., Kuboń, M., Mruk, B., & Marczuk, A. (2019). Wykorzystanie żużla z termicznego przekształcania odpadów komunalnych na cele betoniarskie. Przemysł Chemiczny, 98, 1104-1107. https://doi.org/10.15199/62.2019.7.14
Smol, M., & Szołdrowska, D. (2021). An analysis of the fertilizing potential of selected waste streams – municipal, industrial, and agricultural. Gospodarka Surowcami Mineralnymi, 37(3), 75-100. https://doi.org/10.24425/gsm.2021.138659
Spinosa, L., Ayol, A., Baudez, J. C., Canziani, R., Jenicek, P., Leonard, A., Rulkens, W., Xu, G., & van Dijk, L. (2011). Sustainable and innovative solutions for sewage sludge management. Water, 3(2), 702-717. https://doi.org/10.3390/W3020702
Szołdrowska, D., & Smol, M. (2022). Rolnicze wykorzystanie komunalnych osadów ściekowych w obliczu wyzwań Europejskiego Zielonego Ładu. Przemysł Chemiczny, 101(12), 1130-1135. https://doi.org/10.15199/62.2022.12.10 (in Polish).
Szpilko, D., & Ejdys, J. (2022). European green deal — research directions. A systematic literature reviews. Economics and Environment, 81(2), 8-38. https://doi.org//10.34659/eis.2022.81.2.455
Tymchuk, I., Malovanyy, M., Shkvirko, O., & Yatsukh, K. (2021). Sewage sludge as a component to create a substrate for biological reclamation. Ecological Engineering and Environmental Technology, 22(4), 101-110. https://doi.org/10.12912/27197050/137863
Wojcieszak, D., Pawłowski, A., Dammer, K., & Przybył, J. (2023). Chemical and Energetical Properties in Methane Fermentation of Morphological Parts of Corn with Different Variety Earliness Standard FAO. Agricultural Engineering, 27(1), 273-287. https://doi.org/10.2478/agriceng-2023-0020
Wollmann, I., & Möller, K. (2022). Increased phosphorus availability from sewage sludge ashes to maize in a crop rotation with clover. Soil use and Management, 38(3), 1394-1402. https://doi.org/10.1111/sum.12806
You, Y., Klein, J., Hartmann, T. E., Nkebiwe, P. M., Yang, H., Zhang, W., & Müller, T. (2021). Producing superphosphate with sewage sludge ash: Assessment of phosphorus availability and potential toxic element contamination. Agronomy, 11(8), 1506. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11081506
Zamotaev, I. V., Gracheva, R. G., Mikheev, P. V., & Konoplianikova, Y. V. (2022). Formation and Transformation of Soils in the Areas of Sugar Industry Waste Disposal: A Review. Eurasian Soil Science, 55 (8), 1005-1015. https://doi.org/10.1134/S1064229322080154
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Copyright (c) 2024 Economics and Environment