Key economic sectors for green job creation in Poland – an empirical analysis

Antczak, E., & Artur Gajdos. (2023). Key economic sectors for green job creation in Poland – an empirical analysis . Economics and Environment, 85(2), 68–89. https://doi.org/10.34659/eis.2023.85.2.599

Abstract

In this study, we employed a stepwise empirical approach to identify economic sectors and analyze the regional potential for green job (GJ) creation in Poland. We used the operating register of economic entities (REGON) and Polish Labor Force Survey (BAEL) data for the period between 2015 and 2022. The changes in REGON reflect a proxy of changes in GJ stock in sectors of economic activity (PKD-2007) and regions. We estimated trends and spatial diversification of green employment. The results revealed that Mazowieckie, Wielkopolskie, Małopolskie, and Śląskie are the most attractive regions for GJ creation. The polarization of green employment declined during the analyzed period, but spatial disparities were still significant. Most sectors noted increases in GJ, except for agriculture, where the downward trend in employment has a significant influence on the green labour market. Our findings may be useful when formulating policy recommendations for educational institutions, employment institutions, local governments, government institutions, investors, and employers.

https://doi.org/10.34659/eis.2023.85.2.599

PDF

References

Adamowicz, M. (2022). COVID-19 Pandemic as a Change Factor in the Labour Market in Poland. Sustainability, 14(15), 9197. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14159197

Afolabi, A. O., Ojelabi, R. A., Tunji-Olayeni, P. F., Fagbenle, O. I., & Mosaku, T. O. (2018). Survey datasets on women participation in green jobs in the construction industry. Data in Brief, 17, 856-862. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2018.02.009

Antczak, E. (2021). Analyzing Spatiotemporal Development of Organic Farming in Poland. Sustainability, 13(18), 10399. https://doi.org/10.3390/su131810399

Arendt, Ł., & Gajdos, A. (2018). Shifts in occupational structure in Poland till 2022 — is labour market heading towards polarisation? Social Policy Issues, 42, 71-94.

Atoum, I. (2019). Scaled Pearson’s Correlation Coefficient for Evaluating Text Similarity Measures. Modern Applied Science, 13(10), 26. https://doi.org/10.5539/mas.v13n10p26

Battaglia, M., Cerrini, E., & Annesi, N. (2018). Can environmental agreements represent an opportunity for green jobs? Evidence from two Italian experiences. Journal of Cleaner Production, 175, 257-266. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.12.086

BLS. (2023a, February 10). Measuring Green Jobs. https://www.bls.gov/green/home.htm#definition

BLS. (2023b, February 10). Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics. https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_stru.htm

Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2015/2447 of 24 November 2015 laying down detailed rules for implementing certain provisions of Regulation (EU) No 952/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council laying down the Union Customs Code, Pub. L. No. 32015R2447, 343 OJ L (2015). https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32015R2447

Dell’Anna, F. (2021). Green jobs and energy efficiency as strategies for economic growth and the reduction of environmental impacts. Energy Policy, 149, 112031. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2020.112031

Dierdorff, E., Norton, J., Drewes, D., Kroustalis, C., Rivkin, D., & Lewis, P. (2009). Greening of the world of work: Implications for O* NET®-SOC and new and emerging occupations. https://www.onetcenter.org/dl_files/Green.pdf

European Commission. (2021). European green deal: delivering on our targets. https://data.europa.eu/doi/10.2775/373022

European Commission. (2023a, June 6). Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the European Council, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and The Committee of the Regions. REPowerEU Plan. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=COM%3A2022%3A230%3AFIN&qid=1653033742483

European Commission. (2023b, February 10). Occupations. https://esco.ec.europa.eu/en/classification/occupation_main

European Environmental Agency. (2022). Air quality in Europe 2022. https://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/air-quality-in-europe-2022

European Union. (2016). Environmental goods and services sector accounts. EGSS. https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/3859598/7741794/KS-GQ-16-011-EN-N.pdf/3196a7bc-c269-40ab-b48a-73465e3edd89?t=1479717329000

Eurostat. (2023, February 10). Unemployment statistics. https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=Unemployment_statistics

Godlewska, J., & Sidorczuk-Pietraszko, E. (2019). Taxonomic Assessment of Transition to the Green Economy in Polish Regions. Sustainability, 11(18), 5098. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11185098

Grzywińska-Rąpca, M., & Markowski, L. (2018). Employment and economic entities in the Polish financial sector from 2005-2016. Econometrics, 22(1), 79-93. https://doi.org/10.15611/eada.2018.1.06

GUS. (2022a). Structural changes of groups of the national economy entities in the REGON register, 2021. https://stat.gov.pl/en/topics/economic-activities-finances/structural-changes-of-groups-of-entities-of-the-national-economy/structural-changes-of-groups-of-the-national-economy-entities-in-the-regon-register-2021,2,6.html

GUS. (2022b). Information of Statistics Poland concerning the results of the Badanie Aktywności Ekonomicznej Ludności recalculated for the years 2010-2020. (BAEL – the Polish equivalent of the European survey on the labour force – Labour Force Survey/LFS). https://stat.gov.pl/en/topics/labour-market/working-unemployed-economically-inactive-by-lfs/information-of-statistics-poland-concerning-the-results-of-the-badanie-aktywnosci-ekonomicznej-ludnosci-recalculated-for-the-years-2010-2020-bael-the-polish-equivalent-of-the-european-survey-on-,24,1.html

GUS. (2023a, February 10). Classifications. https://stat.gov.pl/en/metainformation/classifications/#Polish%20Classification%20of%20Activities%20(PKD)

GUS. (2023b, February 10). The NUTS classification in Poland. https://stat.gov.pl/en/regional-statistics/classification-of-territorial-units/classification-of-territorial-units-for-statistics-nuts/the-nuts-classification-in-poland/

ILO. (2008, May 11-13). Global Challenges for Sustainable Development: Strategies for Green Jobs [Paper presentation]. ILO Background Note for G8 Labour and Employment Ministers Conference, Niigata, Japan. https://www.ilo.org/empent/Publications/WCMS_167810/lang--en/index.htm

ILO. (2016, April 13). What is a green job? https://www.ilo.org/global/topics/green-jobs/news/WCMS_220248/lang--en/index.htm

ILO. (2022a). Social and Employment Impacts of Climate Change and Green Economy Policies in Türkiye. Application of the Green Jobs Assessment Model for Türkiye. https://www.undp.org/turkiye/publications/social-and-employment-impacts-climate-change-and-green-economy-policies-turkiye

ILO. (2022b). Guidelines for shaping employment policies that support a green recovery and a just transition. https://www.ilo.org/employment/Whatwedo/Publications/WCMS_854548/lang--en/index.htm

IPCC. (2022). Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Kacprzak, M. (2019). Unemployment in the mazowieckie voivodeship – effects and methods of limitations. Acta Scientiarum Polonorum. Oeconomia, 18(4), 49-57. https://doi.org/10.22630/aspe.2019.18.4.44

Kaszowska-Mojsa, J., & Włodarczyk, P. (2020). To Freeze or Not to Freeze? Epidemic Prevention and Control in the DSGE Model Using an Agent-Based Epidemic Component. Entropy, 22(12), 1345. https://doi.org/10.3390/e22121345

Kociszewski, K. (2022). Perspectives of Polish organic farming development in the aspect of the European Green Deal. Ekonomia I Środowisko – Economics and Environment, 81(2), 154-167. https://doi.org/10.34659/eis.2022.81.2.461

Konfederacja Lewiatan. (2022). Zielone kompetencje i miejsca pracy w Polsce w perspektywie 2030 roku. https://lewiatan.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/RAPORT_zielone_kompetencje-1.pdf (in Polish).

Kopiński, J. (2018). Regional Variation in Changes in Agricultural Production in Poland in the Context of Environmental Impact. Economic and Regional Studies, 11(1), 59-75. https://doi.org/10.29316/ers-seir.2018.05

Kozar, Ł. (2016). „Zielone” miejsca pracy w ujęciu sektorowym gospodarki. In R. Dziuba, M. Szewczyk & E. Okraszewska (Eds.), Ekonomia Zrównoważonego Rozwoju. Społeczeństwo, Środowisko, Innowacje w Gospodarce (pp. 53-64). Łódź: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego. https://doi.org/10.18778/8088-490-8.06 (in Polish).

Kozar, Ł. J., Matusiak, R., Paduszyńska, M., & Sulich, A. (2022). Green Jobs in the EU Renewable Energy Sector: Quantile Regression Approach. Energies, 15(18), 6578. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15186578

Kryk, B. (2014). Czas na zielone kołnierzyki. Ekonomia i Środowisko, 3(50), 10-20. (in Polish).

Kwiatkowski, E., & Szymańska, A. (2022). Sectoral changes of employment in Poland during the COVID-19 pandemic: Are reallocation shock effects applicable? Economics and Business Review, 8(2), 113-144. https://doi.org/10.18559/ebr.2022.2.7

Mannetje, A. T., & Kromhout, H. (2003). The use of occupation and industry classifications in general population studies. International Journal of Epidemiology, 32(3), 419-428. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyg080

Martínez-Cruz, A. L., & Núñez, H. M. (2021). Tension in Mexico’s energy transition: Are urban residential consumers in Aguascalientes willing to pay for renewable energy and green jobs? Energy Policy, 150, 112145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2021.112145

Pietrzak, M., Igliński, B., Kujawski, W., & Iwański, P. (2021). Energy Transition in Poland—Assessment of the Renewable Energy Sector. Energies, 14(8), 2046. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14082046

Pietrzykowski, M., Chodak, M., Woś, B., Pająk, M., & Likus-Cieślik, J. (2022). Research & Innovation strategy in the field of energy for Upper Silesia. https://tracer-h2020.eu/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/TRACER-D6.2-5_RI-Strategy_PL_Upper-Silesia.pdf

Podawca, K., & Dąbkowski, N. (2020). Spatial Diversification of Situation of the Organic Farming in the Polish Voivodeships in the Years 2010-2018. Journal of Ecological Engineering, 21(6), 191-200. https://doi.org/10.12911/22998993/123830

Rosak-Szyrocka, J., Abbas, A. A., Akhtar, H., & Refugio, C. (2021). Employment and Labour Market Impact of COVID-19 Crisis – Part 1 – Analysis in Poland. System Safety: Human – Technical Facility – Environment, 3(1), 108-115. https://doi.org/10.2478/czoto-2021-0012

Sidorczuk-Pietraszko, E. (2015). Wpływ instalacji odnawialnych źródeł energii na tworzenie miejsc pracy w wymiarze lokalnym. Ekonomia i Środowisko, 3(54), 26-41. (in Polish).

Song, K., Kim, H., Cha, J., & Lee, T. (2021). Matching and Mismatching of Green Jobs: A Big Data Analysis of Job Recruiting and Searching. Sustainability, 13(7), 4074. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13074074

Stanef-Puică, M. R., Badea, L., Șerban-Oprescu, G. L., Șerban-Oprescu, A. T., Frâncu, L. G., & Crețu, A. (2022). Green Jobs—A Literature Review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(13), 7998. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19137998

Sulich, A., & Sołoducho-Pelc, L. (2021). The circular economy and the Green Jobs creation. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29(10), 14231-14247. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-16562-y

Sulich, A., & Zema, T. (2018). Green jobs, a new measure of public management and sustainable development. European Journal of Environmental Sciences, 8(1), 69-75. https://doi.org/10.14712/23361964.2018.10

Sulich, A., Rutkowska, M., & Popławski, Ł. (2020). Green jobs, definitional issues, and the employment of young people: An analysis of three European Union countries. Journal of Environmental Management, 262, 110314. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.110314

UMWŚ. (2015). Analiza zapotrzebowania na białe i zielone miejsca pracy w województwie śląskim oraz wskazanie branż kreujących miejsca pracy w odniesieniu do wsparcia oferowanego w ramach RPO WSL na lata 2014-2020. https://rpo.slaskie.pl/media/files/cms/Ewaluacja/Grudzie%C5%84%202015%20/Analiza%20zapotrzebowania%20na%20biale%20i%20zielone%20miejsca%20pracy_%20w%20wojewodztwie%20slaskim%20oraz%20wskazanie%20branz%20kreujacych%20miejsca%20pracy%20.......pdf (in Polish).

UMWŚ. (2023). Potencjały i wyzwania rozwojowe województwa śląskiego w kontekście sprawiedliwej transformacji. Zróżnicowanie obszaru podregionów górniczych. https://transformacja.slaskie.pl/images/Dokumenty/1646921120_za_C5_82.-2-potencja-c5-82y-i-wyzwania-rozwojowe.pdf (in Polish).

UMWWM. (2017). Perspektywy rozwoju zielonych miejsc pracy w województwie warmińsko-mazurskim. http://www.uwm.edu.pl/kpros/images/monografie/7.10_MONO_Perspektywy%20rozwoju.pdf (in Polish).

UNEP. (2008). Green Jobs: Towards Decent Work in a Sustainable, Low-Carbon World (Full report). https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_emp/---emp_ent/documents/publication/wcms_158727.pdf

UNEP. (2011). Towards a Green Economy: Pathways to Sustainable Development and Poverty Eradication. https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/126GER_synthesis_en.pdf

Usabiaga, C., Núñez, F., Arendt, L., Gałecka-Burdziak, E., & Pater, R. (2022). Skill requirements and labour polarisation: An association analysis based on Polish online job offers. Economic Modelling, 115, 105963. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2022.105963

van de Ven, D.-J., Nikas, A., Koasidis, K., Forouli, A., Cassetti, G., Chiodi, A., Gargiulo, M., Giarola, S., Köberle, A. C., Koutsellis, T., Mittal, S., Perdana, S., Vielle, M., Xexakis, G., Doukas, H., & Gambhir, A. (2022). COVID-19 recovery packages can benefit climate targets and clean energy jobs, but scale of impacts and optimal investment portfolios differ among major economies. One Earth, 5(9), 1042-1054. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oneear.2022.08.008

van der Ree, K. (2019). Promoting Green Jobs: Decent Work in the Transition to Low-Carbon, Green Economies. Revue internationale de politique de développement, (11), 248-271. https://doi.org/10.4000/poldev.3107

Vesere, R., Kalnins, S. N., & Blumberga, D. (2021). Role of Green Jobs in the Reduction of Waste and Waste Management. Environmental and Climate Technologies, 25(1), 1128-1141. https://doi.org/10.2478/rtuect-2021-0085

World Bank. (2023, February 10). How Are Aggregate Growth Rates Computed for National Accounts Series? https://datahelpdesk.worldbank.org/knowledgebase/articles/114952-how-are-aggregate-growth-rates-computed-for-nation

WUPB. (2012). Analiza zielonego rynku pracy w województwie podlaskim. http://archiwum.up.podlasie.pl/uploads/upload_i/PnrzZMP/bialystok_analiza_interactive.pdf (in Polish).