Keywords
public policy
innovation
the European Union
How to Cite
Abstract
The aim of the article is to analyse the assumptions of the EU policy on critical raw materials (CRMs). This is a starting point for the effective design of the Polish public policy implemented in this area and the indication of the direction of its development in the short and medium term. In order to achieve the research objectives, the authors used methods appropriate to the social sciences, in particular, the institutional legal method, the comparative method and the rational choice neo-institutionalism. The sources of the analysis are documents and source materials (national and EU), baseline data, as well as participatory, sustained and covert observation resulting from the authors' professional functions and participation in industry initiatives. Furthermore, the authors collected information and data through dialogue with key stakeholders and participants of the Polish CRMs ecosystem. The development of public policy in the field of CRM is an important pillar for the implementation of the strategy for the development of an innovative economy. Poland's participation in strategic EU projects aimed at achieving technological sovereignty requires the adaptation of state policy assumptions.
References
Abhishek, S. (2024). South Korea’s resource diplomacy: Derisking and diversifying. Observer Research Foundation. https://www.orfonline.org/english/expert-speak/south-korea-s-resource-diplomacy-derisking-and-diversifying
Act from 9 June 2011. Geological and Mining Law. Journal of Laws No. 163, item 981. https://isap.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/DocDetails.xsp?id=wdu20111630981 (in Polish).
Aghion, P., David, P., & Foray, D. (2009). Science, technology and innovation for economic growth: Linking policy research and practice in STIG systems. Research Policy, 38(4), 681-693. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2009.01.016
Ali, S., Giurco, D., Arndt, N., Nickless, E., Brown, G., Demetriades, A., & Yakovleva, N. (2017). Mineral supply for sustainable developments requires resource governance. Nature, 543, 367-372. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature21359
Andersson, P. (2020). Chinese assessment of “critical” and “strategic” raw materials: Concepts, categories, policies and implications. The Extractive Industries and Society, 7(1), 127-137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exis.2020.01.008
ARUP. (2024). Critical Raw Materials Guide: Insights from an energy transition perspective. https://www.arup.com/globalassets/downloads/insights/c/critical-raw-materials/critical-raw-materials-guide.pdf
ARUP. (2024). Critical raw materials: Insights from an energy transition perspective. https://www.arup.com/globalassets/downloads/insights/c/critical-raw-materials/critical-raw-materials-guide.pdf
Babbie, E. (2007). Badania społeczne w praktyce. Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN. (in Polish).
Baldassarre, B., & Carrara, S. (2025). Critical raw materials, circular economy, sustainable development: EU policy reflections for future research and innovation. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 215, 108060. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2024.108060
Bankier.pl. (2024). Główny Geolog Kraju: Stworzymy listę surowców kluczowych dla polskiej gospodarki. https://www.bankier.pl/wiadomosc/Glowny-Geolog-Kraju-Stworzymy-liste-surowcow-kluczowych-dla-polskiej-gospodarki-8742308.html (in Polish).
Barteková, E., & Kemp, R. (2016). National strategies for securing a stable supply of rare earths in different world regions. Resources Policy, 49, 153-164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2016.05.003
Bickerton, C. J., Hodson, D., & Puetter, U. (2014). The new intergovernmentalism: European integration in the post-Maastricht era. Journal of Common Market Studies, 53(4), 703-711. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcms.12212
Bleischwitz, R., & Perincek, R. (2017). Raw materials and international relations. Sicherheit und Frieden, 35(3), 27-31. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/0175-274X-2017-3-27
Blengini, G. A., Nuss, P., Dewulf, J., Nita, V., Talens Peiró, L., Vidal-Legaz, B., Latunussa, C., Mancini, L., Blagoeva, D., Pennington, D., Pellegrini, M., Van Maercke, A., Solar, S., Grohol, M., & Ciupagea, C. (2017). EU methodology for critical raw materials assessment: Policy needs and proposed solutions for incremental improvements. Resources Policy, 53, 12-19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2017.05.008
Bolognesi, T., Metz, F., & Nahrath, S. (2021). Institutional complexity traps in policy integration processes: A long-term perspective on Swiss flood risk management. Policy Sciences, 54(4), 911-941. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11077-021-09443-1
Buijs, B., & Sievers, H. (2011). Critical thinking about critical minerals: Assessing risks related to resource security. https://www.nachhaltigwirtschaften.at/resources/e2050_pdf/reports/20111111_critical_thinking_about_critical_minerals.pdf
Burns, C. (2004). Codecision and the European Commission: A study of a declining influence? Journal of European Public Policy, 11(1), 1-18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1350176042000164271
Candel, J. J. L., & Biesbroek, R. (2016). Toward a processual understanding of policy integration. Policy Sciences, 49, 211-231. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11077-016-9248-y
Carell, R. L. (2020). Putting the “us” back in the U.S. defence industrial base: The case of rare earths. Journal of Public and Environmental Affairs, 1(1). https://doi.org/10.14434/jpea.v1i1.30323
Cejudo, G. M., & Trein, P. (2023). Pathways to policy integration: A subsystem approach. Policy Sciences, 56, 9-27. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11077-022-09483-1
Council of the EU. (2024). Strategic Autonomy. Council gives its final approval on the Critical Raw Materials Act. https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2024/03/18/strategic-autonomy-council-gives-its-final-approval-on-the-critical-raw-materials-act
Crochet, V., & Zhou, W. (2024). Critical insecurities? The European Union’s strategy for a stable supply of minerals. Journal of International Economic Law, 27(1), 147-165. https://doi.org/10.1093/jiel/jgae003
Domorenok, E., Graziano, P., & Polverari, L. (2021). Introduction: Policy integration and institutional capacity: Theoretical, conceptual and empirical challenges. Policy and Society, 40(1), 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1080/14494035.2021.1902058
Dunn, M. C., Lim, C. M., & Chin, J. J. (2016). Clarifying the best interest’s standard: The elaborative and enumerative strategies in public policy-making. Journal of Medical Ethics, 42, 542-549. https://doi.org/10.1136/medethics-2016-103454
Dusiło, M. (2024). Energy transition in Poland. https://www.forum-energii.eu/en/transformacja-edycja-2024
Dye, T. R. (1987). Understanding public policy. Prentice-Hall.
Dziadzio, P. (2023). Podsumowanie realizacji i wdrażania Polityki Surowcowej Państwa 2050. https://www.gov.pl/attachment/52d57c4a-3aad-4b34-ba71-750aaf788227 (in Polish).
EEA. (2023). Europe’s material footprint. https://www.eea.europa.eu/en/analysis/indicators/europes-material-footprint
EEA. (2024). Circular material use rate in Europe. https://www.eea.europa.eu/en/analysis/indicators/circular-material-use-rate-in-europe
EESC. (2018). Strategic developments in industrial policy by 2030. https://www.eesc.europa.eu/en/our-work/opinions-information-reports/opinions/strategic-developments-industrial-policy-2030
EIT Raw Materials. (2024). European Competitiveness Requires Strategic Investment Commitment to Raw Materials Sector. https://eitrawmaterials.eu/press-releases/european-competitiveness-requires-strategic-investment-commitment-raw-materials
Energy Transition Commission. (2023). Material and resource requirements for the energy transition. https://www.energy-transitions.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/ETC-Materials-Report_highres-1.pdf
Espinoza, L. T., Kroll, H., & Stijepic, D. (2024). The role of research and innovation in ensuring a safe and sustainable supply of critical raw materials in the EU. https://www.europarl.europa.eu/thinktank/en/document/EPRS_STU(2024)762848
EU Raw Materials Coalition. (2023). A turning point: The Critical Raw Materials Act’s need for social and just green transition. https://eurmc.org/publication/a-turning-point-the-critical-raw-material-acts-needs-for-a-social-and-just-green-transition/
European Commission. (2008). Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions on the Sustainable Consumption and Production and Sustainable Industrial Policy Action Plan, Pub. L. No. 52008DC0397. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A52008DC0397
European Commission. (2010). Critical raw materials for the EU. Report of the Ad-Hoc Working Group on defining CRMs. https://www.euromines.org/files/what-we-do/sustainable-development-issues/2010-report-critical-raw-materials-eu.pdf
European Commission. (2014). Report on critical raw materials for the EU. Report of the Ad-Hoc Working Group on defining CRMs. https://rmis.jrc.ec.europa.eu/uploads/crm-report-on-critical-raw-materials_en.pdf
European Commission. (2015). Communication from The Commission to The European Parliament, The Council, The European Economic and Social Committee and The Committee of The Regions, Closing the loop - An EU action plan for the Circular Economy, Pub. L. No. 52015DC0614. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=celex:52015DC0614
European Commission. (2017). Study on the review of the list of CRMs. https://publications.europa.eu/s/dZ7O
European Commission. (2019). Communication from The Commission to The European Parliament, The European Council, The Council, The European Economic and Social Committee and The Committee of The Regions, The European Green Deal, Pub. L. No. 52019DC0640. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=celex:52019DC0640
European Commission. (2020). Communication from The Commission to The European Parliament, The European Council, The Council, The European Economic and Social Committee and The Committee of The Regions, A New Industrial Strategy for Europe, Pub. L. No. 52020DC0102. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=celex:52020DC0102
European Commission. (2023a). Study on the critical raw materials for the EU 2023 – Final report. https://www.rtlnieuws.nl/sites/default/files/content/documents/2023/07/04/Study%202023%20CRM%20Assessment%20%281%29.pdf
European Commission. (2023b). Commission Staff Working Document – Impact Assessment Report accompanying the document Proposal for Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council establishing a framework for ensuring a secure and sustainable supply of critical raw materials and amending Regulations (EU) 168/2013, EU 2018/858/1724 and EU 2019/1020, Pub. L. No. 52023SC0161. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=celex:52023SC0161
European Commission. (2023c). Communication from The Commission to The European Parliament, The Council, The European Economic and Social Committee and The Committee of The Regions On A Revised Monitoring Framework For The Circular Economy, Pub. L. No. 52023dc0306. Https://Eur-Lex.Europa.Eu/Legal-Content/EN/TXT/?Uri=Celex:52023DC0306
European Commission. (2023d). Poland’s recovery and resilience plan. https://commission.europa.eu/business-economy-euro/economic-recovery/recovery-and-resilience-facility/country-pages/polands-recovery-and-resilience-plan_en
European Commission. (2023e). EU research and innovation support to reduce our dependency on materials and accelerate the roll-out of the EU’s strategic net-zero technologies. https://research-and-innovation.ec.europa.eu/news/all-research-and-innovation-news/eu-research-and-innovation-support-reduce-our-dependency-materials-and-accelerate-roll-out-eus-2023-03-17_en
European Commission. (2023f). Press release – EU research and innovation support to reduce our dependency on materials and accelerate the roll-out of the EU’s strategic net-zero technologies. https://research-and-innovation.ec.europa.eu/news/all-research-and-innovation-news/eu-research-and-innovation-support-reduce-our-dependency-materials-and-accelerate-roll-out-eus-2023-03-17_en
European Commission. (2024). EU Minlex Country Report. https://rmis.jrc.ec.europa.eu/member-states-legislation-08b84e
Eurostat. (2023). Circular economy – Material flows. Circular economy - material flows - Statistics Explained. https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=Circular_economy_-_material_flows
Ferro, P., & Bonollo, F. (2019). Materials selection in a critical raw materials perspective. Materials & Design, 177, 107848. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2019.107848
Fortier, S. M., Nassar, N. T., Lederer, G. W., Brainard, J., Gambogi, J., & McCullough, E. (2018). Draft critical mineral list—Summary of methodology and background information. U.S. Geological Survey Technical Input Document in Response to Secretarial Order No. 3359. https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2018/1021/ofr20181021.pdf
Galos, K., Lewicka, E., Burkowicz, A., Guzik, K., Kamyk, J., Kot-Niewiadomska, A., & Szlugaj, J. (2021). Nowa metodyka wyznaczania surowców kluczowych, strategicznych i krytycznych dla polskiej gospodarki. Przegląd Geologiczny, 69(10), 654-665. https://www.pgi.gov.pl/dokumenty-pig-pib-all/publikacje-2/przeglad-geologiczny/2021-2/10-pazdziernik-1/8767-nowa-metodyka-wyznaczania-surowcow-kluczowych-strategicznych-i-krytycznych-dla-polskiej-gospodarki/file.html (in Polish).
Galos, K., Nieć, M., Radwanek-Bąk, B., Smakowski, T., & Szamałek, K. (2012). Bezpieczeństwo surowcowe Polski w Unii Europejskiej i na świecie. Biuletyn PIG, 452, 43-52. https://geojournals.pgi.gov.pl/bp/article/view/28994/20662 (in Polish).
Gaustad, G., Krystofik, M., Bustamante, M., & Badami, K. (2018). Circular economy strategies for mitigating critical material supply issues. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 135, 24-33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2017.08.002
Geyer, R. (Ed.). (2015). Handbook on complexity and public policy. Cheltenham: Elgar.
Giese, E. C. (2022). Strategic minerals: Global challenges post-COVID-19. The Extractive Industries and Society, 12, 101113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exis.2022.101113
Girtan, M., Wittenberg, A., Grilli, M. L., de Oliveira, D. P. S., Giosuè, C., & Ruello, M. L. (2021). The critical raw materials issue between scarcity, supply risk, and unique properties. Materials, 14(8), 1826. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14081826
Glöser, S., Tercero Espinoza, L., Gandenberger, C., & Faulstich, M. (2015). Raw material criticality in the context of classical risk assessment. Resources Policy, 44, 35-46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2014.12.003
Główny Instytut Górnictwa. (2024). https://gig.eu/pl (in Polish).
Gonzalez, A., & Verbeek, B. J. (2024). The EU critical minerals crusade. https://mileslitvinoff.info/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/The-EUs-critical-minerals-crusade-SOMO.pdf
Guenter, T., Murguia, D., & Hamadova, B. (2020). Report on (voluntary) standards, policies and regulatory frameworks in Europe relevant to CRMs. https://scrreen.eu/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/SCRREEN-D7.2-Report-on-national-policies-regulatory-frameworks-and-voluntary-standards-in-Europe-relevant-to-CRMs.pdf
Gunn, G. (2014). Critical metals handbook. https://books.google.ch/books?id=oLLQAgAAQBAJ&redir_esc=y
Hackenhaar, I., Alvarenga, R. A. L., Bachmann, M. T., Riva, F., Horn, R., Graf, R., & Dewulf, J. (2022). A critical review of criticality methods for a European life cycle sustainability assessment. Procedia CIRP, 105, 428-433. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procir.2022.02.071
Hammond, D. R., & Brady, T. F. (2022). Critical minerals for green energy transition: A United States perspective. International Journal of Mining, Reclamation and Environment, 36(9), 624-641. https://doi.org/10.1080/17480930.2022.2124788
Hayes, S. M., & McCullough, E. A. (2018). Critical minerals: A review of elemental trends in comprehensive criticality studies. Resources Policy, 59, 192-199. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2018.06.015
Hertanti, R. (2023). Between a mineral and a hard place. Indonesia's export ban on raw minerals. https://www.tni.org/en/article/between-a-mineral-and-a-hard-place
Hofmann, M., Hofmann, H., Hagelüken, C., & Hool, A. (2018). Critical raw materials: A perspective from the materials science community. Sustainable Materials and Technologies, 17, e00074. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.SUSMAT.2018.E00074
Hool, A., Helbig, Ch., & Wierink, G. (2023). Challenges and opportunities of the European Critical Raw Materials Act. Mineral Economics, 37, 661-668. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13563-023-00394-y
Howlett, M., & Saguin, K. (2018). Policy capacity for policy integration: Implications for the Sustainable Development Goals. Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy Research Paper, 18-06, 1-21. http://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3157448
IEA. (2022). IEA Critical Minerals Policy Tracker. https://www.iea.org/reports/introducing-the-critical-minerals-policy-tracker
IEA. (2023). Critical Minerals Market Review 2023. https://www.iea.org/reports/critical-minerals-market-review-2023
IEA. (2024). Global Critical Materials Outlook. https://www.iea.org/reports/global-critical-minerals-outlook-2024
Jaeger, P. (2007). Information policy, information access, and democratic participation: The national and international implications of the Bush administration’s information politics. Government Information Quarterly, 24(4), 840-859. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2007.01.004
Jędrysek, M. O. (2019). Polityka Surowcowa Państwa. Raport. https://jedrysek.eu/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/POLITYKA-SUROWCOWA-PA%C5%83STWA-PS06_V2.pdf (in Polish).
JOGMEC. (2024). https://www.jogmec.go.jp/english/
Junge, K. (2007). Integracja zróżnicowana. In M. Cini (Ed.), Unia Europejska. Organizacja i funkcjonowanie (pp. 528 -545). Warszawa: PWE. (in Polish).
Kalantzakos, S. (2020). The race for critical minerals in an era of geopolitical realignments. The International Spectator, 55(3), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1080/03932729.2020.1786926
Kopiński, D. (2023). Afrykańskie surowce krytyczne i bezpieczeństwo ekonomiczne Unii Europejskiej. Warszawa: Polski Instytut Ekonomiczny. https://pie.net.pl/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/Surowce-Afryki.pdf (in Polish).
Kowalcze, K., & Nienaber, M. (2023). Germany draws up €2 billion state fund to secure key commodities. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-12-15/germany-draws-up-2-billion-state-fund-to-secure-key-commodities
Kulczycka, J., Dziobek, E., & Nowosielski, M. (2023). Promotion and implementation of Polish mining investments in foreign markets on the example of Latin America. Energy Storage and Saving, 2(4), 608-614. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enss.2023.08.008
Kulczycka, J., Kudełko, J., & Wirth, H. (2015). Założenia i cele polityki surowcowej zawarte w krajowych dokumentach strategicznych. Przegląd Geologiczny, 63(2), 98-102. https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2075285 (in Polish).
Lewicka, E., Guzik, K., & Galos, K. (2021). On the possibilities of the critical raw materials production from the EU’s primary sources. Resources, 10(5), 50. https://doi.org/10.3390/resources10050050
Lowndes, V. (2006). Neoinstytucjonalizm. In D. Marsh & G. Stoker (Eds.), Teorie i metody w naukach politycznych (pp. 87-106). Kraków: Wydawnictwo UJ. (in Polish).
Mancini, L., Benini, L., & Sala, S. (2016). Characterization of raw materials based on supply risk indicators for Europe. The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 23, 726-738. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11367-016-1137-2
Mancini, L., Sala, S., Recchioni, M., Benini, L., Goralczyk, M., & Pennington, D. (2015). Potential of life cycle assessment for supporting the management of critical raw materials. International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 20, 100-116. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11367-014-0808-0
Massari, S., & Ruberti, M. (2013). Rare earth elements as critical raw materials: Focus on international markets and future strategies. Resources Policy, 38(1), 36-43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2012.07.001
Meng, Z., Sun, H., Song, S., Ding, Y., Cheng, J., Liu, Ch., & Chen, L. (2025). A study on the impact of technological innovation on the sustainability of critical mineral supply from a multidimensional perspective: A case study of cobalt. Mineral Economics. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13563-024-00481-8
Messad, P. (2023, May 11). France presents ‘first step’ €2bn fund for critical metals. https://www.euractiv.com/section/energy-environment/news/france-presents-first-step-e2bn-fund-for-critical-metals/
Ministerstwo Aktywów Państwowych. (2022). Krajowy Plan Odbudowy i Zwiększania Odporności. https://www.gov.pl/web/aktywa-panstwowe/krajowy-plan-odbudowy-i-zwiekszania-odpornosci (in Polish).
Ministerstwo Klimatu i Środowiska. (2022). Polityka Surowcowa Państwa 2050. https://www.gov.pl/web/klimat/polityka-surowcowa-panstwa (in Polish).
Ministerstwo Rozwoju. (2017). Strategia na rzecz Odpowiedzialnego Rozwoju do roku 2020 (z perspektywą do 2030 r.). https://www.gov.pl/documents/33377/436740/SOR.pdf (in Polish).
Miński, R. (2017). Wywiad pogłębiony jako technika badawcza. Możliwości wykorzystania IDI w badaniach ewaluacyjnych. Przegląd Socjologii Jakościowej, 13, 30-51. www.przegladsocjologiijakosciowej.org (in Polish).
Miyamato, H., Baum, A., Gueorguiev, N., Honda, J., & Walker, S. (2020). Growth impact of public investment and the role of infrastructure governance. In G. Schwartz, M. Fouad, T.S. Hansen, G. Verdier, J. Honda & S. Walker (Eds.), How strong infrastructure governance can end waste in public investment (pp. 15-29). International Monetary Fund. https://doi.org/10.5089/9781513511818.071
Narodowe Centrum Badań i Rozwoju. (2024). https://www.gov.pl/web/ncbr (in Polish).
Obwieszczenie Marszałka Sejmu Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej z dnia 21 maja 2021 r. w sprawie ogłoszenia jednolitego tekstu ustawy o zasadach prowadzenia polityki rozwoju. (Dz. U. z 2021 r., poz. 1057). https://isap.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/DocDetails.xsp?id=WDU20210001057 (in Polish).
Obwieszczenie Ministra Klimatu i Środowiska z dnia 2 marca 2021 r. w sprawie polityki energetycznej państwa do 2040 r. (M. P. z 2021 r., poz. 264). https://isap.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/DocDetails.xsp?id=WMP20210000264 (in Polish).
OECD. (2022). The supply of CRMs endangered by Russia’s war on Ukraine. https://www.oecd.org/en/publications/the-supply-of-critical-raw-materials-endangered-by-russia-s-war-on-ukraine_e01ac7be-en.html
OECD. (2023a). World Energy Outlook Report. https://www.oecd.org/en/publications/world-energy-outlook-2023_827374a6-en.html
OECD. (2023b). Critical Minerals Market Review 2023. https://www.oecd.org/en/publications/critical-minerals-market-review-2023_9cdf8f39-en.html
Onstad, E. (2022). European fund for critical minerals projects to launch next year. Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/markets/europe/european-fund-critical-minerals-projects-launch-next-year-2022-06-17/
Paćkowski, D. (2023). Bogdanka chce sięgnąć po surowce krytyczne. Na liście m.in. metale ziem rzadkich, złoto czy uran. Stockwatch. https://www.stockwatch.pl/wiadomosci/bogdanka-chce-siegnac-po-surowce-krytyczne-na-liscie-m-in-metale-ziem-rzadkich-zloto-czy-uran,akcje,305603 (in Polish).
Patrahau, I. (2020). Securing critical materials for critical sectors: Policy options for the Netherlands and the European Union. https://hcss.nl/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Securing-Critical-Materials-for-Critical-Sectors.pdf
Patrahau, I. (2021). Securing Critical Materials for Critical Sector [Presentation]. International Energy Agency. https://www.kngmg.nl/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/Patrahau_CMMNE_2021.pdf
Peryt, T. M. (2018). Uwagi o zasadach funkcjonowania państwowych służb geologicznych w krajach Unii Europejskiej. Przegląd Geologiczny, 66(9), 547-550. https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2075853 (in Polish).
Peters, G. B., Capano, G., Howlett, M., Mukherjee, I., Chou, M.-H., & Ravinet, P. (2018). Designing for policy effectiveness. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108555081
Polish Geological Institute. (2024). https://www.pgi.gov.pl/ (in Polish).
Pontarollo, N. (2019). Institutions, public policies and development. Revista Economía y Política, 30, 3-4. https://doi.org/10.25097/rep.n30.2019.00
Radwanek-Bąk, B., Galos, K., & Nieć, M. (2018). Surowce kluczowe, strategiczne i krytyczne dla polskiej gospodarki. Przegląd Geologiczny, 66, 153-159. https://www.pgi.gov.pl/dokumenty-pig-pib-all/publikacje-2/przeglad-geologiczny/2018/marzec-6/5716-surowce-kluczowe-strategiczne/file.html (in Polish).
Regulation (EU) 2024/1252 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 April 2024 establishing a framework for ensuring a secure and sustainable supply of critical raw materials and amending Regulations (EU) No 168/2013, (EU) 2018/858, (EU) 2018/1724 and (EU) 2019/1020, Pub. L. No. 32024R1252. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A32024R1252
Reynolds, J. P., Stautz, K., Pilling, M., van der Linden, S., & Marteau, T. M. (2020). Communicating the effectiveness and ineffectiveness of government policies and their impact on public support: A systematic review with meta-analysis. Royal Society Open Science, 7(1), 190522. http://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.190522
Rosário, C., & Varum, C. (2024). The role of public incentives in promoting innovation: An analysis of recurrently supported companies. Economies, 12(6), 148. https://doi.org/10.3390/economies12060148
Rozporządzenie Rady Ministrów z dnia 9 maja 2016 r. w sprawie ustanowienia Pełnomocnika Rządu ds. polityki surowcowej państwa. (Dz. U. z 2023 r., poz. 236). https://isap.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/DocDetails.xsp?id=WDU20160000685 (in Polish)
Sala, S., Farioli, F., & Zamagni, A. (2013). Life cycle sustainability assessment in the context of sustainability science progress (part 2). The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 18, 1686-1697. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11367-012-0509-5
Schmid, M. (2020). Challenges to the European automotive industry in securing critical raw materials for electric mobility: The case of rare earths. Mineralogical Magazine, 84(1), 5-17. https://doi.org/10.1180/mgm.2020.9
Schmid, M. (2021). The revised German raw materials strategy in the light of global political and market developments. Review of Policy Research, 38(1), 49-75. https://doi.org/10.1111/ropr.12408
Schmitter, P. C. (2005). Ernst B. Haas and the legacy of neofunctionalism. Journal of European Public Policy, 12, 255-272. https://doi.org/10.1080/13501760500043951
Schrijvers, D., Hool, A., Blengini, G. A., Chen, W.-Q., Dewulf, J., Eggert, R., van Ellen, L., Gauss, R., Goddin, J., Habib, K., Hagelüken, C., Hirohata, A., Hofmann-Amtenbrink, M., Kosmol, J., Le Gleuher, M., Grohol, M., Ku, A., Lee, M.-H., Liu, G., Nansai, K., Nuss, P., Peck, D., Reller, A., Sonnemann, G., Tercero, L., Thorenz, A., & Wäger, P. A. (2020). A review of methods and data to determine raw material criticality. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 155, 104617. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.RESCONREC.2019.104617
Shen, Y., Moomy, R., & Eggert, R. G. (2020). China’s public policies toward rare earths 1975–2018. Mineral Economics, 33, 127-151. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13563-019-00214-2
Statista. (2024). Poland: Distribution of gross domestic product (GDP) across economic sectors from 2012 to 2022. https://www.statista.com/statistics/375605/poland-gdp-distribution-across-economic-sectors/
Stewart, J. (2013). Public policy as information. Prometheus, 31(1), 3-19. https://doi.org/10.1080/08109028.2013.763630
Strategia Bezpieczeństwa Narodowego RP. (2020). https://www.bbn.gov.pl/ftp/dokumenty/Strategia_Bezpieczenstwa_Narodowego_RP_2020.pdf (in Polish).
Szamałek, K. (2018). Ewolucja polityki surowcowej w Polsce w latach 1935–2018. Zeszyty Naukowe Instytutu Gospodarki Surowcami Mineralnymi i Energią PAN, 106, 181-198. https://doi.org/10.24425/124390 (in Polish).
Szewczak, M. (2023). Legal aspects of ESG development in the field of Poland’s raw material policy using the example of the geological and mining sector. Teka Komisji Prawniczej PAN Oddział w Lublinie, 16(2), 339-349. https://doi.org/10.32084/tkp.7424
Terazawa, T. (2023, October 13). How Japan solved its rare earths minerals dependency issue. World Economic Forum. https://www.weforum.org/stories/2023/10/japan-rare-earth-minerals/
The World Bank. (2022). Interoperability: Towards a data-driven public sector. https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documents-reports/documentdetail/099550101092318102/p1694820242a9c041083900346bab0910eb
Tkaczyk, A. H., Bartl, A., Amato, A., Lapkovskis, V., & Petranikova, M. (2018). Sustainability evaluation of essential critical raw materials: Cobalt, niobium, tungsten and rare earth elements. Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, 51, 203001. https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6463/aaba99
Uchwała nr 113 Rady Ministrów z dnia 25 lipca 2017 r. w sprawie ustanowienia programu wieloletniego "Program Rozpoznania Geologicznego Oceanów" – ProGeO. (M. P. z 2017 r., poz. 774). https://isap.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/DocDetails.xsp?id=WMP20170000774 (in Polish).
Uchwała nr 67 Rady Ministrów z dnia 16 lipca 2019 r. w sprawie przyjęcia "Polityki ekologicznej państwa 2030 - strategii rozwoju w obszarze środowiska i gospodarki wodnej". (M. P. z 2019 r., poz. 794). https://isap.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/DocDetails.xsp?id=WMP20190000794 (in Polish).
UNCTAD. (2024). UNCTAD Digital Economy Report: Shaping an environmentally sustainable and inclusive digital future. https://unctad.org/publication/digital-economy-report-2024
Van Hoey, M., & Sandstrom, J. (2024). Investing in innovation will secure vital critical minerals for the energy transition – here’s where to start. https://www.weforum.org/stories/2024/06/why-investing-in-innovation-is-essential-to-securing-critical-minerals/
Vivoda, V., Matthews, R., & McGregor, N. (2024). A critical minerals perspective on the emergence of geopolitical trade blocs. Resources Policy, 89, 104587. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2023.104587
Washington, S. (2022). An infrastructure for building policy capability – Lessons from practice. Policy Design and Practice, 6(3), 283-298. https://doi.org/10.1080/25741292.2022.2139952
Watkins, E., Bergeling, E., & Blot, E. (2023). Circularity and the European Critical Raw Materials Act – How could the CRMA better promote material circularity? https://ieep.eu/publications/circularity-gaps-of-the-european-critical-raw-materials-act/
World Intellectual Property Report 2024. (2024). Making Innovation Policy Work for Development. https://www.wipo.int/edocs/pubdocs/en/wipo-pub-944-2024-en-world-intellectual-property-report-2024.pdf
Wittenberg, A., & de Oliviera, D. (2023). Critical raw materials resource potentials in Europe. Materials Proceedings, 15(1), 24. https://doi.org/10.3390/materproc2023015024
Wojtkowska-Łodej, G. (2014). Wyzwania klimatyczne i energetyczne a polityka Unii Europejskiej. Polityka Energetyczna, 17(2), 39-52. https://se.min-pan.krakow.pl/pelne_teksty28/k28_pe_pe3z/k28pe3_wojtkowska_lodej_z.pdf (in Polish).
Wyższy Urząd Górniczy. (2024). https://www.wug.gov.pl/ (in Polish).
Zhou, W. (2024). Why China’s critical mineral strategy goes beyond geopolitics. https://www.weforum.org/stories/2024/11/china-critical-mineral-strategy-beyond-geopolitics/
Ziółkowska, J. (2016). Systematyzacja pojęć i koncepcji związanych ze zjawiskiem integracji zróżnicowanej i segmentacji politycznej. In T.G. Grosse (Ed.), Polityki europejskie w dobie kryzysu (pp. 52-53). Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe Scholar. (in Polish).
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Copyright (c) 2025 Economics and Environment