Keywords
health and safety at work
European Working Conditions Survey
logistic regression
How to Cite
Abstract
The aim of this article is to assess the impact of selected social and demographic factors on the perception of European adults regarding their workplace as a health and safety risk. This aligns with the sustainable development concept, which emphasizes labor rights protection and a safe working environment. Sustainable work is defined as work that doesn't compromise employees' physical or mental health over time. Utilizing data from the 2021 European Working Conditions Survey, which covered over 70,000 individuals across 36 countries and was conducted via CATI due to the pandemic, the study employs logistic regression. It analyzes three models: one encompassing all European countries, and two focusing on Eastern and Central European countries. The findings demonstrate that factors such as company size, age, occupational group, sector, employment nature, gender, service length, and education significantly influence workplace risk perception. International comparisons highlight differences in these factors across country groups, contributing to the scientific discussion in social sciences.
References
Abbas, M., Mneymneh, B. E., & Khoury, H. (2018). Assessing on-site construction personnel hazard perception in a Middle Eastern developing country: An interactive graphical approach. Safety Science, 103, 183-196. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2017.10.026
Agresti, A. (2013). Categorical Data Analysis: Third Edition. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons. https://mybiostats.files.wordpress.com/2015/03/3rd-ed-alan_agresti_categorical_data_analysis.pdf
Agresti, A. (2018). An introduction to categorical data analysis: Third Edition. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons.
Ahonen, E. Q., & Benavides, F. G. (2006). Risk of fatal and non-fatal occupational injury in foreign workers in Spain. Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health, 60(5), 424-426. https://doi.org/10.1136/jech.2005.044099
Ajslev, J., Dastjerdi, E. L., Dyreborg, J., Kines, P., Jeschke, K. C., Sundstrup, E., Jakobsen, M. D., Fallentin, N., & Andersen, L. L. (2017). Safety climate and accidents at work: cross-sectional study among 15,000 workers of the general working population. Safety Science, 91, 320-325. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2016.08.029
Ali-Saleh, O., & Halperin, O. (2022). Cross-Sectional Study of Factors Influencing Perceived Threat and Stress among the Arab Minority in Israel during the COVID-19 Pandemic. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(16), 10326. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191610326
Amponsah-Tawiah, K. (2013). Occupational health and safety and sustainable development in Ghana. International Journal of Business Administration, 4(2), 74-78. https://doi.org/10.5430/ijba.v4n2p74
Amponsah-Tawiah, K., & Mensah, J. (2016). The impact of safety climate on safety related driving behaviors. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 40, 48-55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2016.04.002
Aven, T. (2010). On how to define, understand and describe risk. Reliability Engineering & System Safety, 95(6), 623-631. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ress.2010.01.011
Aven, T., & Renn, O. (2010). Risk Management and Governance: Concepts, Guidelines and Applications. Berlin: Springer Science & Business Media. https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-642-13926-0
Bahn, Z. (2013). Workplace hazard identification and management: the case of an underground mining operation. Safety Science, 57, 129-137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2013.01.010
Beck, U. (2001). La société du risque. Sur la voie d’une autre modernité, trad. de l’allemand par L. Bernardi. Paris: Aubier. https://doi.org/10.4000/questionsdecommunication.7281
Bhattacharya, A., & Ray, T. (2021). Precarious work, job stress, and health‐related quality of life. American Journal of Industrial Medicine, 64(4), 310-319. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajim.23223
Boczkowska, K., Niziołek, K., & Roszko-Wójtowicz, E. (2022). A multivariate approach towards the measurement of active employee participation in the area of occupational health and safety in different sectors of the economy. Equilibrium. Quarterly Journal of Economics and Economic Policy, 17(4), 1051-1085. https://doi.org/10.24136/eq.2022.035
Bonem, E. M., Ellsworth, P. C., & Gonzalez, R. (2015). Age differences in risk: Perceptions, intentions and domains. Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, 28(4), 317-330. https://doi.org/10.1002/bdm.1848
Borys, D. (2012). The Role of Safe Work Method Statements in the Australian Construction Industry. Safety Science, 50(2), 210-220. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2011.08.010
Boschman, J. S., van der Molen, H. F., Sluiter, J. K., & Frings-Dresen, M. H. (2013). Psychosocial work environment and mental health among construction workers. Applied Ergonomics, 44(5), 748-755. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apergo.2013.01.004
Brodny, J., & Tutak, M. (2023). The level of implementing sustainable development goal "Industry, innovation and infrastructure" of Agenda 2030 in the European Union countries: Application of MCDM methods. Oeconomia Copernicana, 14(1), 47-102. https://doi.org/10.24136/oc.2023.002
Chan, A. P., Javed, A. A., Wong, F. K., Hon, C. K., & Lyu, S. (2017a). Evaluating the safety climate of ethnic minority construction workers in Hong Kong. Journal of Professional Issues in Engineering Education and Practice, 143(4), 04017006. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)EI.1943-5541.0000333
Chan, A. P., Wong, F. K., Hon, C. K., Lyu, S., & Javed, A. A. (2017b). Investigating ethnic minorities' perceptions of safety climate in the construction industry. Journal of Safety Research, 63, 9-19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsr.2017.08.006
Chaswa, E. N., Kosamu, I. B. M., Kumwenda, S., & Utembe, W. (2020). Risk perception and its influencing factors among construction workers in Malawi. Safety, 6(2), 33. https://doi.org/10.3390/safety6020033
Crundall, D., Chapman, P., Trawley, S., Collins, L., Van Loon, E., Andrews, B., & Underwood, G., (2012). Some hazards are more attractive than others: drivers of varying experience respond differently to different types of hazard. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 45, 600-609. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2011.09.049
Danieluk, B. (2010). Zastosowanie regresji logistycznej w badaniach eksperymentalnych. Psychologia Społeczna, 5(2-3), 199-216. (in Polish).
Domínguez, C. R., Mares, J. I. P., & Hernández, R. G. Z. (2021). Hazard identification and analysis in work areas within the Manufacturing Sector through the HAZID methodology. Process Safety and Environmental Protection, 145, 23-38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2020.07.049
Ehnert, I., Harry, W., & Zink, K. J. (2014). Sustainability and Human Resource Management. Developing sustainable business organizations. London: Springer. https://www.academia.edu/34856555/Sustainability_and_Human_Resource_Management_Developing_Sustainable_Business_Organizations
Eiris, R., Jain, A., Gheisari, M., & Wehle, A. (2020). Safety immersive storytelling using narrated 360-degree panoramas: A fall hazard training within the electrical trade context. Safety Science, 127, 104703. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2020.104703
Elkington, J. (1997). Cannibals with forks. Oxford: Capstone Publishing Limited.
Eurofound. (2015). Sustainable Work over the Life Course: Concept Paper. https://doi.org/10.2806/281708
Eurofound. (2021). European Working Conditions Telephone Survey 2021. https://www.eurofound.europa.eu/pl/surveys/european-working-conditions-surveys/european-working-conditions-telephone-survey-2021
Flynn, J., Slovic, P., & Mertz, C. K. (1994). Gender, Race, and Perception of Environmental Health Risks. Risk Analysis, 14(6), 1101-1108. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1539-6924.1994.tb00082.x
Fragouli, E., & Theodoulou, P. (2015). The way people and societies perceive the nature and context of risk is different, due to psychological and cultural issues. Journal of Economics and Business, 18(1), 29-46. https://www.u-picardie.fr/eastwest/fichiers/art189.pdf
García Acosta, V. (2005). El riesgo como construcción social y la construcción social de riesgos. Desacatos, (19), 11-24. https://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1607-050X2005000300002
Gruszczyński, R. (2012). Regresja logistyczna jako narzędzie analizy statystycznej. Statystyka, 49(5), 61-80. (in Polish).
Hallowell, M. (2010). Safety Risk Perception in Construction Companies in the Pacific Northwest of the USA. Construction Management and Economics, 28, 403-413. https://doi.org/10.1080/01446191003587752
Han, Y., Jin, R., Wood, H., & Yang, T. (2019). Investigation of demographic factors in construction employees’ safety perceptions. KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering, 23, 2815-2828. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12205-019-2044-4
Hawkes, G., & Rowe, G. (2008). A characterisation of the methodology of qualitative research on the nature of perceived risk: trends and omissions. Journal of Risk Research, 11(5), 617-643. https://doi.org/10.1080/13669870701875776
Hosmer, D. W., Lemeshow, S., & Sturdivant, R. X. (2013). Applied logistic regression: Third Edition. New Jersey: John Wiley& Sons. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118548387
Houdmont, J., Leka, S., & Sinclair, R. R. (2012). Contemporary occupational health psychology: Global perspectives on research and practice. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119942849
Hung, W. T. (2018). Revisiting relationships between personality and job performance: working hard and working smart. Total Quality Management & Business Excellence, 31(7-8), 907-927. https://doi.org/10.1080/14783363.2018.1458608
Hung, Y. H., Smith‐Jackson, T., & Winchester, W. (2011). Use of attitude congruence to identify safety interventions for small residential builders. Construction Management and Economics, 29(2), 113-130. https://doi.org/10.1080/01446193.2010.521758
Ibrahim, A., Nnaji, C., & Shakouri, M. (2022). Influence of Sociodemographic Factors on Construction Fieldworkers’ Safety Risk Assessments. Sustainability, 14(1), 111. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14010111
Javed, A. A., Zhan, W., & Pan, W. (2018). A system dynamics framework of drivers and constraints to enhancing productivity of the Hong Kong construction industry. Proceedings of the 21st International Symposium on Advancement of Construction Management and Real Estate, Singapore, 117-127. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-6190-5_12
Johnson, S., Cooper, C., Cartwright, S., Donald, I., Taylor, P., & Millet, C. (2005). The experience of work-related stress across occupations. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 20(2), 178-187. https://doi.org/10.1108/02683940510579803
Karimi, H., & Taghaddos, H. (2019). The influence of craft workers’ educational attainment and experience level in fatal injuries prevention in construction projects. Safety Science, 117, 417-427. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2019.04.022
Ključnikov, A., Civelek, M., Klimeš, C., & Farana, R. (2022). Export risk perceptions of SMEs in selected Visegrad countries. Equilibrium. Quarterly Journal of Economics and Economic Policy, 17(1), 173-190. https://doi.org/10.24136/eq.2022.007
Kramarova, K., Švábová, L., & Gabrikova, B. (2022). Impacts of the Covid-19 crisis on unemployment in Slovakia: a statistically created counterfactual approach using the time series analysis. Equilibrium. Quarterly Journal of Economics and Economic Policy, 17(2), 343-389. https://doi.org/10.24136/eq.2022.012
László, K. D., Pikhart, H., Kopp, M. S., Bobak, M., Pajak, A., Malyutina, S., Salavecz, G., & Marmot, M. (2010). Job insecurity and health: A study of 16 European countries. Social Science & Medicine, 70(6), 867-874. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2009.11.022
Lesch, M. F., Rau, P. L. P., Zhao, Z., & Liu, C. (2009). A cross-cultural comparison of perceived hazard in response to warning components and configurations: US vs. China. Applied ergonomics, 40(5), 953-961. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apergo.2009.02.004
Loke, Y. Y., Tan, W. J., Manickam, K., Heng, P., Tjong, C., Lim, G. K., Kheng, L. G., Gan, S. L., & Takala, J. (2013). Economic Cost of Work-Related Injuries and Health in Singapore. Singapore: WSH. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259220728_Economic_Cost_of_Work-related_Injuries_and_Ill-health_in_Singapore
Long, J. S. (1997). Regression models for categorical and limited dependent variables. Sage Publications.
Luhmann, N. (1993). Deconstruction as second-order observing. New Literary History, 24(4), 763-782. https://luhmann.ir/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/Deconstruction-as-Second-Order-Observing.pdf
Maddala, G. S. (1983). Limited-Dependent and Qualitative Variables in Econometrics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Magnavita, N., & Heponiemi, T. (2011). Violence towards health care workers in a Public Health Care Facility in Italy: a repeated cross-sectional study. BMC Health Services Research, 12, 108. https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6963-12-108
Marhavilas, P., Koulouriotis, D., Nikolaou, I., & Tsotoulidou, S. (2018). International Occupational Health and Safety Management-Systems Standards as a Frame for the Sustainability: Mapping the Territory. Sustainability, 10(10), 3663. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10103663
Martinko, M. J., Gundlach, M. J., & Douglas, S. C. (2003). Toward an integrative theory of counterproductive workplace behavior: a causal reasoning perspective. International Journal of Selection and Assessment, 10(1-2), 36-50. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2389.00192
McFadden, P., Neill, R., Mallett, J., Manthorpe, J., Gillen, P., Moriarty, J., Currie, D., Schroder, H., Ravalier, J., Nicholl, P., & Ross, J. (2022). Mental well-being and quality of working life in UK social workers before and during the COVID-19 pandemic: A propensity score matching study. The British Journal of Social Work, 52(5), 2814-2833. https://doi.org/10.1093/bjsw/bcab198
Meijman, T. F., & Mulder, G. (1998). Psychological aspects of workload. In P.J.D. Drenth, H. Thierry & C.J. de Wolff (Eds.), A Handbook of Work and Organizational Psychology. Volume 2: Work Psychology (pp. 5-33). Hove: Psychology Press. https://www.routledge.com/A-Handbook-of-Work-and-Organizational-Psychology-Volume-2-Work-Psychology/Wolff-Drenth-Henk/p/book/9780863775239
Meliá, J. L., Mearns, K., Silva, S. A., & Lima, M. L. (2008). Safety climate responses and the perceived risk of accidents in the construction industry. Safety Science, 46(6), 949-958. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2007.11.004
Memarian, B., & Mitropoulos, P. (2013). Accidents in masonry construction: The contribution of production activities to accidents, and the effect on different worker groups. Safety Science, 59, 179-186. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2013.05.013
Menard, S. (2001). Applied logistic regression analysis. Sage Publications. https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/book/applied-logistic-regression-analysis-0
Meng, X., & Chan, A. H. S. (2020). Demographic influences on safety consciousness and safety citizenship behavior of construction workers. Safety Science, 129, 104835. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2020.104835
Molamohamadi, Z., Ismail, N., Leman, Z., & Zulkifli, N. (2013). Sustainable Human Resource Management. Proceedings 3rd Annual International Conference on Human Resource Management and Professional Development in the Digital Age, 36-39. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/268460193_Sustainable_Human_Resource_Management
Mondi Group. (2013). Mondi sustainable development policy. Report Mondi Group. https://www.responsibilityreports.com/HostedData/ResponsibilityReportArchive/m/LSE_MNDI_2013.pdf
Morgan, J., Reidy, J., & Probst, T. (2019). Age Group Differences in Household Accident Risk Perceptions and Intentions to Reduce Hazards. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(12), 2237. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16122237
Mučenski, V., Peško, I., Dražić, J., Ćirović, G., Trivunić, M., & Bibić, D. (2015). Construction workers injury risk assessment in relation to their experience and age. Procedia Engineering, 117, 525-533. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2015.08.205
Namian, M., Albert, A., Zuluaga, C. M., & Behm, M. (2016). Role of safety training: Impact on hazard recognition and safety risk perception. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, 142(12), 04016073. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CO.1943-7862.0001198
Naznin, F., Currie, G., & Logan, D., (2016). Exploring the impacts of factors contributing to tram-involved serious injury crashes on Melbourne tram routes. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 94, 238-244. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2016.06.008
Nelson, A., & Zega, Y. A. (2021). Influence of occupational health safety (OHS) culture, commitment management, OHS training on OHS performance in oil & gas contractors company in Batam island. Journal of Business Studies and Management Review, 4(2), 111-118. https://doi.org/10.22437/jbsmr.v4i2.12852
Niciejewska, M., & Kiriliuk, O. (2020). Occupational health and safety management in “small size” enterprises, with particular emphasis on hazards identification. Production Engineering Archives, 26(4), 195-201. https://doi.org/10.30657/pea.2020.26.34
Nieuwenhuijsen, K., Bruinvels, D., & Frings-Dresen, M. (2010). Psychosocial work environment and stress-related disorders, a systematic review. Occupational Medicine, 60(4), 277-286. https://doi.org/10.1093/occmed/kqq081
Nordlöf, H., Wiitavaara, B., Högberg, H., & Westerling, R. (2017). A cross-sectional study of factors influencing occupational health and safety management practices in companies. Safety Science, 95, 92-103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2017.02.008
Prades López, A. P. (1999). La Percepción social del riesgo: Algo más que discrepancia expertos/público. Nucleus, (26), 3. http://nucleus.cubaenergia.cu/index.php/nucleus/article/view/329
Privara, A. (2022). Economic growth and labour market in the European Union: lessons from COVID-19. Oeconomia Copernicana, 13(2), 355-377. https://doi.org/10.24136/oc.2022.011
Ravalier, J. M., McFadden, P., Gillen, P., Mallett, J., Nicholl, P., Neill, R., Manthorpe, J., Moriarty, J., Schroder, H., & Curry, D. (2023). Working Conditions and Well-Being across the COVID Pandemic in UK Social (Care) Workers. The British Journal of Social Work, 53(2), 1225-1242. https://doi.org/10.1093/bjsw/bcac214
Ricci, F., Bravo, G., Modenese, A., De Pasquale, F., Ferrari, D., Bello, M., Favero, G., Soddu, S., & Gobba, F. (2021). Risk perception and ethnic background in construction workers: results of a cross-sectional study in a group of trainees of a vocational school in Italy. European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education, 11(1), 96-109. https://doi.org/10.3390/ejihpe11010008
Ricci, F., Modenese, A., Bravo, G., De Pasquale, F., Ferrari, D., Bello, M., Carozza, L., Longhi, F., Favero, G., Soddu, S., & Gobba, F. (2020). Ethnic background and risk perception in construction workers: Development and validation of an exploratory tool. International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health, 33(2), 163-172. https://doi.org/10.13075/ijomeh.1896.01478
Rodríguez-Garzón, I., Lucas-Ruiz, V., Martínez-Fiestas, M., & Delgado-Padial, A. (2015). Association between perceived risk and training in the construction industry. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, 141(5), 04014095. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CO.1943-7862.0000960
Rodríguez-Garzón, I., Martínez-Fiestas, M., Delgado-Padial, A., & Lucas-Ruiz, V. (2016). An exploratory analysis of perceived risk among construction workers in three Spanish-speaking countries. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, 142(11), 04016066. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CO.1943-7862.0001187
Roelofs, C., Sprague-Martinez, L., Brunette, M., & Azaroff, L. (2011). A qualitative investigation of Hispanic construction worker perspectives on factors impacting worksite safety and risk. Environmental Health, 10, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1186/1476-069X-10-84
Rosa, E. A. (1998). Metatheoretical foundations for post-normal risk. Journal of Risk Research, 1(1), 15-44. https://doi.org/10.1080/136698798377303
Rosa, E. A. (2003). The logical structure of the social amplification of risk framework (SARF): Metatheoretical foundations and policy implications. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511550461.003
Salminen, S. (2004). Have young workers more injuries than older ones? An international literature review. Journal of Safety Research, 35(5), 513-521. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsr.2004.08.005
Santini, Z. I., Becher, H., Jørgensen, M. B., Davidsen, M., Nielsen, L., Hinrichsen, C., Madsen, K. R., Meilstrup, Ch., Koyanagi, A., Stewart-Brown, S., McDaid, D., & Koushede, V. (2021). Economics of mental well-being: a prospective study estimating associated health care costs and sickness benefit transfers in Denmark. European Journal of Health Economics, 22, 1053-1065. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10198-021-01305-0
Senge, P. M., Smith, B., Kruschwitz, N., Laur, J., & Schley, S. (2008). The necessary revolution. How individuals and organizations are working together to create a sustainable world. New York: Doubleday. https://books.google.pl/books?id=xdeihHam61MC&printsec=frontcover&hl=pl&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false
Shrader-Frechette, K. (1994). Reductionist Approaches to Risk. In D.G. Mayo & R.D. Hollander (Eds.), Acceptable Evidence: Science and Values in Risk Management (pp. 218-248). Oxford: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195089295.003.0018
Siu, O. L., Phillips, D. R., & Leung, T. W. (2003). Age differences in safety attitudes and safety performance in Hong Kong construction workers. Journal of Safety Research, 34(2), 199-205. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0022-4375(02)00072-5
Sjöberg, L. (2003). Distal factors in risk perception. Journal of Risk Research, 6(3), 187-211.
Skvarciany, V., Lapinskaite, I., & Volskyte, G. (2021). Circular economy as assistance for sustainable development in OECD countries. Oeconomia Copernicana, 12(1), 11-34.
Slovic, P. (2016). The Perception of Risk. In R.J. Sternberg, S. Fiske & D. Foss (Eds.), Scientists Making a Difference: One Hundred Eminent Behavioral and Brain Scientists Talk about their Most Important Contributions (pp. 179-182). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781316422250.040
Slovic, P., Fischhoff, B., & Lichtenstein, S. (1982). Why study risk perception? Risk Analysis, 2(2), 83-93. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1539-6924.1982.tb01369.x
Solé, C. (1998). Acerca de la modernización, la modernidad y elriesgo. Reis, 80, 111-132.
Stanisz, A. (2000). Przystępny kurs statystyczny tom II, StatSoft Polska. (in Polish).
Svabova, L., Tesarova, E. N., Durica, M., & Strakova, L. (2021). Evaluation of the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on the development of the unemployment rate in Slovakia: counterfactual before-after comparison. Equilibrium. Quarterly Journal of Economics and Economic Policy, 16(2), 261-284. https://doi.org/10.24136/eq.2021.010
Sweet, S. A., & Grace-Martin, K. (2012). Data Analysis with SPSS: A first course in applied statistics. London: Pearson Education. https://www.pearson.com/store/p/data-analysis-with-spss-a-first-course-in-applied-statistics/P200000003095/9780205019670
Szymczak, W. (2010). Modelowanie statystyczne. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN. (in Polish).
Trillo-Cabello, A. F., Carrillo-Castrillo, J. A., & Rubio-Romero, J. C. (2021). Perception of risk in construction. Exploring the factors that influence experts in occupational health and safety. Safety Science, 133, 104990. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2020.104990
Urteaga, E., & Eizagirre, A. (2013). La construcción social del riesgo. Empiria. Revista de Metodología de las Ciencias Sociales, 25, 147-170. https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/2971/297125768006.pdf
Van der Noordt, M., IJzelenberg, H., Droomers, M., & Proper, K. I. (2014). Health effects of employment: a systematic review of prospective studies. Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 71(10), 730-736. https://doi.org/10.1136/oemed-2013-101891
Virglerova, Z., Ivanova, E., Dvorsky, J., Belas, J., & Krulický, T. (2021). Selected factors of internationalisation and their impact on the SME perception of the market risk. Oeconomia Copernicana, 12(4), 1011-1032. https://doi.org/10.24136/oc.2021.033
Wang, C., Wang, J., Wang, X., Yu, H., Bai, L., & Sun, Q. (2019). Exploring the impacts of factors contributing to unsafe behavior of coal miners. Safety Science, 115, 339-348. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2019.02.003
WCED. (1987). Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development: Our Common Future. World Commission on Environment and Development. Oxford University Press. https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/5987our-common-future.pdf
WHO. (1994). Global strategy on occupational health for all. https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/36845/WHO_OCH_95.1.pdf?sequence=1
WHO. (2012). Health indicators of sustainable jobs. Initial findings from a WHO Expert Consultation. https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/environment-climate-change-and-health/sustainable-development-indicator-jobs.pdf?sfvrsn=e40fc22c_2
Wiktorowicz, K. (2016). Regresja logistyczna w badaniach marketingowych. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN. (in Polish).
Wong, K., Chan, A. H. S., & Alabdulkarim, S. A. (2020). Gender Differences in Risk-Taking-Related Personality Traits and Risk Perception: Implications for Safety Training and Awareness Programs. In P. Arezes (Ed.), Advances in Safety Management and Human Factors (pp. 307- 316). Washington: Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-20497-6_29
Yembi Renault, B., Agumba, J. N., & Ansary, N. (2021). Regression analysis of the influence of demographic characteristics using risk management practices within South African small and medium construction enterprises. Journal of Engineering, Design and Technology, 19(6), 1505-1529. https://doi.org/10.1108/JEDT-08-2020-0332
Zou, P. X., & Zhang, G. (2009). Comparative study on the perception of construction safety risks in China and Australia. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, 135(7), 620-627. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CO.1943-7862.0000019
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Copyright (c) 2024 Economics and Environment